Table 1.

The proposed pathophysiology of radiation cystitis [1, 9, 10].

Anatomical location in bladder	The proposed mechanism of radiation damage
Urothelium	Nuclear irregularity
	Cellular oedema
	Increased cytoplasmic elements
	Disruption of tight junctions & polysaccharide layer
Vasculature	Vascular endothelial cell oedema
	Endothelial cell proliferation
	Perivascular fibrosis
Muscle	Smooth muscle oedema
	Replacement of smooth muscle with fibroblasts
	Increased collagen deposition
	Vascular ischaemia of bladder wall