Table 3.
Interventions and resource utilization by GCS Strata
| Phase 1 % (n) | Phase 2 % (n) | p value | OR (95 % CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (a) Severe head injury patients (GCS 3–5)—phase 1 (n = 44) versus phase 2 (n = 27) | ||||
| Intubation | 45.45 (20) | 51.85 (14) | 0.60 | 1.29 (0.49–3.38) |
| Cervical collar | 6.82 (3) | 14.81 (4) | 0.27 | 2.38 (0.49–11.56) |
| Chest X-ray | 11.36 (5) | 33.33 (9) | 0.02 | 3.90 (1.14–13.31) |
| Pelvis X-ray | 9.09 (4) | 14.81 (4) | 0.46 | 1.74 (0.40–7.62) |
| CT head | 38.64 (17) | 66.67 (18) | 0.02 | 3.18 (1.16–8.67) |
| Abdominal US | 4.55 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.26 | |
| Extremity X-ray | 4.55 (2) | 7.41 (2) | 0.61 | 1.68 (0.22–12.68) |
| Spine imaging | 9.09 (4) | 18.52 (5) | 0.25 | 2.27 (0.55–9.35) |
| Body CT | 0 (0) | 3.70 (1) | ||
| (b) Severe head injury patients (GCS 6–8)—phase 1 (n = 50) versus phase 2 (n = 35) | ||||
| Intubation | 50.00 (25) | 42.86 (15) | 0.52 | 0.75 (0.31–1.79) |
| Cervical collar | 18.00 (9) | 22.86 (8) | 0.58 | 1.35 (0.46–3.93) |
| Chest X-ray | 20.00 (10) | 20.00 (7) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.34–2.94) |
| Pelvis X-ray | 8.00 (4) | 8.57 (3) | 0.92 | 1.08 (0.23–5.15) |
| CT head | 76.00 (38) | 68.57 (24) | 0.45 | 0.69 (0.26–1.81) |
| Abdominal US | 8.00 (4) | 0 (0) | 0.09 | |
| Extremity X-ray | 8.00 (4) | 8.57 (3) | 0.92 | 1.08 (0.23–5.15) |
| Spine imaging | 16.00 (8) | 20.00 (7) | 0.63 | 1.31 (0.43–4.02) |
| Body CT | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| (c) Moderate head injury patients (GCS 9–12)—phase 1 (n = 106) versus phase 2 (n = 56) | ||||
| Intubation | 3.77 (4) | 7.14 (4) | 0.35 | 1.96 (0.47–8.16) |
| Cervical collar | 6.60 (7) | 10.71 (6) | 0.36 | 1.70 (0.54–5.32) |
| Chest X-ray | 19.81 (21) | 23.21 (13) | 0.61 | 1.22 (0.56–2.68) |
| Pelvis X-ray | 9.43 (10) | 8.93 (5) | 0.92 | 0.94 (0.31–2.90) |
| CT head | 67.92 (72) | 51.79 (29) | 0.04 | 0.51 (0.26–0.99) |
| Abdominal US | 1.89 (2) | 1.79 (1) | 0.96 | 0.95 (0.08–10.66) |
| Extremity X-ray | 16.98 (18) | 17.86 (10) | 0.89 | 1.06 (0.45–2.49) |
| Spine imaging | 6.60 (7) | 17.86 (10) | 0.03 | 3.07 (1.10–8.59) |
| Body CT | 1.89 (2) | 0 (0) | ||
| (d) Mild head injury patients (GCS 13–15)—phase 1 (n = 1034) versus phase 2 (n = 583) | ||||
| Intubation | 0.51 (3) | 1.11 (5) | 0.28 | 2.17 (0.52–9.12) |
| Cervical collar | 3.77 (22) | 4.88 (22) | 0.38 | 1.31 (0.71–2.39) |
| Chest X-ray | 15.61 (91) | 17.29 (78) | 0.47 | 1.13 (0.81–1.57) |
| Pelvis X-ray | 10.98 (64) | 14.19 (64) | 0.12 | 1.34 (0.93–1.94) |
| CT Head | 8.23 (48) | 67.74 (42) | 0.24 | 1.49 (0.76–2.92) |
| Abdominal US | 7.38 (43) | 12.42 (56) | 0.03 | 1.58 (1.05–2.37) |
| Extremity X-ray | 54.55 (318) | 54.32 (245) | 0.94 | 0.99 (0.77–1.27) |
| Spine imaging | 11.49 (67) | 12.64 (57) | 0.57 | 1.11 (0.76–1.62) |
| Body CT | 0.34 (2) | 1.11 (5) | 0.14 | 3.26 (0.63–16.86) |