Figure 3. The regulation of p38 MAPK and NF-κ B activation by treatment with GV1001. Con A-activated PBMCs were pre-treated with GV1001 (100 µM), DMSO (vehicle), SB203580 (40 µM), and Bay11-7082 (2.5 µM) for 1 h and then stimulated with anti-ENO1 mAb for 1 h. After incubating for another 48 h, the supernatant was harvested, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-1β, and (C) IL-6 were determined by ELISA. Data are presented as the means±SD. ^***p<0.001.