Table 2.
Effects of sex on functional brain activation during acute colorectal distension for regions within pain and limbic/paralimbic circuits. Significant changes in rCBF comparing females and males with stress (ELS/female vs. ELS/male) and without stress (CON/female vs. CON/male) are respectively shown in columns 1 and 2 (Student's t test). Shown are increases (‘+’) and decreases (‘−’) in cerebral blood flow tracer distribution in the right/left hemispheres, with symbols in parentheses denoting changes less broadly represented, and ‘a’ denoting ‘anterior’ and ‘p’ denoting ‘posterior’ regions. Columns 3 and 4 respectively show the significance changes (‘*’) of the main effect of ‘Sex’ and ‘Sex x ELS’ interaction from the ANOVA. Significances are shown at the voxel level (p < 0.05) for clusters of >100 contiguous voxels. Abbreviations are taken from the Paxinos and Watson rat brain atlas (Paxinos and Watson, 2007).
| ELS: Female vs. Male | CON: Female vs. Male | Sex | Sex x ELS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cortex | ||||
| Cingulate, dorsal (Cg1) | −/− | (*)/ | (*)/(*) | |
| Cingulate, ventral (Cg2) | (−)/(−) | (−)/(−) | (*)/(*) | |
| Ectorhinal/temporal association area (Ect/TeA) | (−)/(−) | −/− | */* | */* |
| Insula, anterior (aIns) | /(−) | /(−) | ||
| Posterior (pIns) | (−)/ | (+)/ | (*)/ | |
| Motor, secondary (M2) | −/− | (−)/(−) | */* | (*)/* |
| Orbital, lateral/ventral (LO/VO) | (−)/− | */* | ||
| Prelimbic (PrL) | +/+ | */* | ||
| Retrosplenial, granular (RS) | +/+ | +/+ | */* | |
| Somatosensory, primary, barrel field (S1BF) | ||||
| Forelimb (S1FL) | −/− | (*)/(*) | */(*) | |
| Upper lip (S1ULp) | (+)/(+) | +/+ | */* | (*)/(*) |
| Hindlimb (S1HL) | (−)/− | |||
| Somatosensory, secondary (S2) | ||||
| Visual, primary, secondary (V1, V2) | −/− | (*)/(*) | ||
| Subcortex | ||||
| Amygdala, central n. (Ce) | (+)/ | +/+ | */* | /(*) |
| Lateral/basolateral (La/BL) | +/+ | /* | (*)/(*) La | |
| Medial (Me) | +/+ | +/+ | */* | |
| Bed n. of the stria terminalis (STM) | (−)/− | (*)/* | ||
| Caudate-putamen (CPu), mediodorsal | (−)/- | (−)/(−) | (*)/* | |
| Lateral | (+)/ | +/+ | */(*) | (*)/(*) |
| Ventral | (−)/(−) | (+)/(+) | /(*) | */* |
| Cerebellar simple lobule (Sim) | +/(+) | (−)/− | */* | |
| Vermis (1Cb, 3Cb, 5Cb) | (+) (5Cb) | – | * (5Cb) | |
| Colliculus, inferior (IC) | −/− | */* | (*)/(*) | |
| Superior (SC) | (+)/+ | (*)/(*) | ||
| Globus pallidus, external (GPe) | +/+ | */* | ||
| Hippocampus, dentate gyrus (DG) | (+)/(+) | +/+ | */* a | |
| CA1 (anterior, posterior) | (+)/(+) a | */* a | (*)/a | |
| Hypothalamus, anterior (AH) | (−)/− | (+)/ | (*)/(*) | |
| Ventromedial (VMH) | (−)/(−) | (+)/(+) | (*)/(*) | |
| Lateral peduncular (PLH) | (−)/− | */* | ||
| Locus coeruleus/lateral parabrachial n. (LC/LPB) | +/+ | (−)/(−) | */* | |
| Parabrachial pigm. n./ventral tegmental area (PBP) | ||||
| Periaqueductal gray (PAG) | (−) | (−) | (*) | |
| Pretectal n., anterior-dorsal (APTD) | (−)/- | (*)/(*) | ||
| Raphe, median (MnR) | + | (+) | * | |
| Septum, lateral n., intermediate part (LSI) | −/− | */* | */ | |
| Thalamus, central medial n. (CM) | (−) | + | (*) | (*) |
| Habenular n. (Hb) | +/+ | (+)/(+) | */* | */* |
| Medial geniculate (MG) | (−)/ | (*)/ | ||
| Mediodorsal n. (MD) | −/− | (−)/(−) | */* | |
| Paraventricular, posterior n. (PVP) | ||||
| Posterior n. (Po) | /(−) | /(−) | /(*) | |
| Reticular n. (Rt) | /(+) | (+)/+ | (*)/* | /(*) |
| Ventral-posterolateral/ventral-posteromedial n. (VPL/VPM) | (−)/(−) | (+)/(+) | (*)/ | (*)/* |