Figure 1.

Pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease. The imbalance in mucinous layer allows higher permeability of the intestinal epithelium leading to an increase in the uptake of antigens. Dendritic cells and macrophages recognize commensal microbiota and become activated. Activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) increases the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL) -6, -12, -23, and -1β. Modified from Ordas et al [10]

TLR, toll-like receptor