TABLE 2.
Associations between the serum antioxidant concentrations that vary during the menstrual cycle and serum reproductive hormones among healthy premenopausal women in the BioCycle Study1
| Estradiol, pg/mL | Free estradiol, pg/mL | SHBG, nmol/L | Luteal progesterone,2 ng/mL | Testosterone, ng/dL | FSH, mIU/mL | LH, ng/mL | |
| Retinol, μg/mL | |||||||
| Model 13 | 1.00 (0.67, 1.34)* | 1.03 (0.67, 1.40)* | −0.09 (−0.20, 0.02) | 1.94 (0.99, 2.89)* | 0.61 (0.44, 0.78)* | −0.04 (−0.30, 0.23) | 0.51 (0.14, 0.88)* |
| Model 24 | 0.48 (0.11, 0.84)* | 0.49 (0.14, 0.84)* | −0.06 (−0.15, 0.04) | −0.25 (−1.13, 0.63) | 0.18 (0.03, 0.33)* | −0.04 (−0.26, 0.19) | 0.33 (0.01, 0.66)* |
| Ascorbic acid, mg/dL | |||||||
| Model 1 | 0.09 (0.05, 0.13)* | 0.07 (0.03, 0.11)* | 0.04 (0.02, 0.05)* | 0.09 (0.0003, 0.18)* | 0.002 (−0.01, 0.02) | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.03)* | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.04) |
| Model 2 | 0.0007 (−0.04, 0.04) | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) | 0.02 (0.004, 0.03)* | −0.01 (−0.13, 0.11) | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.03)* | −0.005 (−0.03, 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) |
| α-Tocopherol, μg/mL | |||||||
| Model 1 | 0.02 (0.003, 0.03)* | 0.01 (−0.001, 0.02) | −0.003 (−0.01, 0.003) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) | 0.01 (0.001, 0.01)* | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.01)* | 0.004 (−0.01, 0.02) |
| Model 2 | 0.002 (−0.01, 0.02) | 0.0005 (−0.01, 0.01) | −0.004 (−0.01, 0.001) | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01)* | 0.004 (−0.02, 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.02, −0.0002)* | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) |
| γ-Tocopherol, μg/mL | |||||||
| Model 1 | 0.05 (0.01, 0.08)* | 0.05 (0.01, 0.09)* | −0.0006 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.16) | −0.002 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0.05 (0.02, 0.08)* | 0.07 (0.03, 0.10)* |
| Model 2 | 0.05 (0.02, 0.09)* | 0.05 (0.01, 0.08)* | −0.003 (−0.01, 0.01) | −0.05 (−0.15, 0.06) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03)* | 0.04 (0.01, 0.06)* | 0.05 (0.01, 0.09)* |
| Ratio of α- to γ-tocopherol | |||||||
| Model 1 | 0.002 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0.0008 (−0.008, 0.01) | −0.002 (−0.005, 0.001) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.01) | 0.01 (0.003, 0.01)* | −0.003 (−0.01, 0.004) | 0.004 (−0.01, 0.01) |
| Model 2 | −0.001 (−0.01, 0.01) | −0.003 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0.001 (−0.001, 0.004) | 0.003 (−0.02, 0.02) | −0.001 (−0.004, 0.002) | −0.004 (−0.01, 0.002) | 0.001 (−0.01, 0.01) |
| Ratio of α-tocopherol to ascorbic acid | |||||||
| Model 1 | −0.0001 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.004 (−0.01, 0.02) | −0.004, (−0.01, 0.003) | −0.002 (−0.05, 0.05) | −0.01 (−0.01, 0.002) | −0.0001 (−0.01, 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.02) |
| Model 2 | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) | −0.004 (−0.02, 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.01, −0.0003)* | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | 0.003 (−0.004, 0.01) | −0.004 (−0.02, 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) |
| Lutein, μg/mL | |||||||
| Model 1 | 1.10 (0.40, 1.80)* | 0.71 (0.05, 1.38)* | 0.25 (0.02, 0.48)* | 0.77 (−0.94, 2.49) | 0.43 (0.12, 0.75)* | 0.17 (−0.31, 0.64) | 0.46 (−0.18, 1.10) |
| Model 2 | 0.10 (−0.58, 0.78) | −0.19 (−0.84, 0.47) | −0.20 (−0.44, 0.04) | −1.41 (−2.96, 0.14) | 0.01 (−0.28, 0.31) | −0.31 (−0.72, 0.11) | −0.18 (−0.77, 0.41) |
| Lycopene, μg/mL | |||||||
| Model 1 | 0.06 (−0.10, 0.21) | 0.02 (−0.12, 0.17) | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) | −0.14 (−0.53, 0.24) | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.03) | 0.09 (−0.02, 0.21) | 0.01 (−0.15, 0.17) |
| Model 2 | −0.09 (−0.24, 0.06) | −0.11 (−0.26, 0.03) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.07) | −0.17 (−0.56, 0.23) | −0.06 (−0.11, −0.001)* | −0.12 (−0.22, −0.01)* | −0.09 (−0.24, 0.06) |
| β-Carotene, μg/mL | |||||||
| Model 1 | 0.08 (−0.15, 0.31) | −0.09 (−0.32, 0.13) | 0.12 (0.04, 0.21)* | 1.06 (0.47, 1.64)* | 0.01 (−0.10, 0.13) | −0.12 (−0.30, 0.05) | −0.08 (−0.32, 0.16) |
| Model 2 | 0.03 (−0.19, 0.25) | −0.09 (−0.31, 0.12) | 0.13 (0.05, 0.21)* | 0.59 (−0.05, 1.24) | −0.13 (−0.23, −0.03)* | −0.29 (−0.43, −0.15)* | −0.18 (−0.39, 0.02) |
Values are RRs (95% CIs). *P < 0.05. FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; SHBG, sex hormone-binding globulin.
Restricted to the 3 visits during the luteal phase.
Model 1: Linear mixed model analyses for association between antioxidant concentrations and log transformed reproductive hormones during the same cycle visit, adjusting for age, race, BMI, parity, time-varying sleep, pain medication use, total energy intake, serum cholesterol, F2-isoprostanes, other antioxidants, and concurrent hormones with the use of inverse probability weights.
Model 2: Lag linear mixed model analyses for association between antioxidant concentrations on 1 visit and log transformed reproductive hormones during the next cycle visit, adjusting for age, race, BMI, parity, time-varying sleep, pain medication use, total energy intake, serum cholesterol, F2-isoprostanes, other antioxidants, and concurrent hormones with the use of inverse probability weights.