Table 1.

Example applications utilizing LIDAR intensity information.

Category	Application	References
Cultural Heritage/Virtual Tourism	Analysis of historical paintings/artifacts Digital preservation	[21,22]
Land cover classification	Classification of urban surfaces	[2,3,7]
	Detection and classification of buildings	[4,5]
	Classification of glacier surfaces	[6]
	Supplementing image-based land cover classifications	[8,9]
Remote sensing data registration	Registration of multiple scans by identifying common features	[10,11,12,13,14]
	integration of scans and images by identifying common features	[15,16,17,18,19,20]
Sensing natural environments	Flood modeling and wetland hydrology	[23,24]
	Tree classification, snag detection, and forest understory vegetation cover	[25,26,27,28,29,30]
	Identification of different rock and soil layers	[31]
	Lava flows aging	[32]
	Snow cover change detection	[33]
	Costal land cover mapping	[34]
Bathymetry (using bathymetric LIDAR)	Benthic habitat mapping	[35,36,37,38,39]
	Hydrodynamic and sedimentological properties	[40]
Structural damage detection	Assessment of historic buildings	[41]
	Crack detection of concrete structures	[42,43,44]
	Detection of bridge surface degradation	[45]
	Detection of wind-induced cladding damage	[46,47,48]
Transportation asset management	Detection of road objects and features (e.g., markings, signs, manhole, culverts, etc.)	[49,50,51,52,53,54]
	Pavement and tunnel damage detection	[55,56]
	Extraction of road profile	[57]