Table 2. Studies about fluoroquinolone resistance and detection of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes.
| Bacteria [No. of isolates] | Fluoroquinolone resistance (%) | PMQR (%, m/M) | Year | Country/location | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salmonella enterica serovar typhi [19] | CIP (68.0) | NEG | 2011–2013 | Italy | (32) |
| Salmonella [2,680] | CIP (6.4) | qnrB10/B19 (27.3%, 24/88) | 2008–2011 | Poland | (33) |
| qnrS1/S3 (56.8%, 50/88) | |||||
| qnrS2 (2.3%, 2/88) | |||||
| Salmonella [284] | NAL (49.3); CIP (1.1); NOR (0.7); LVX (0.4) | qnrB19 (0.7%, 2/284) | 2008 | Korea | (34) |
| qnrS1 (1.4%, 4/284) | |||||
| aac(6’)-Ib-cr (0.4%, 1/284) | |||||
| Nontyphoid Salmonella [1,279] | NAL (39.6); CIP (0.0), ENR (8.5) | aac(6’)-Ib (1.2%, 6/507) | 1995–2009 | Korea | (35) |
| Salmonella enterica [10] | Reduced-susceptibility to CIP (100.0) | qnrA1 (10.0%, 1/10) | 2003–2007 | Finland | (37) |
| qnrS1 (90.0%, 9/10) | |||||
| Salmonella enterica [192] | CIP (20.3) | qnrS1 (1.0%, 2/192) | 2002–2013 | Switzerland | (38) |
| Salmonella enterica [4,561] | CIP (4.4) | qnrA1 (6.3%, 1/16) | 2009–2013 | Belgium | (73) |
| qnrS (56.3%, 9/16) | |||||
| qnrD1 (25.0%, 4/16) | |||||
| qnrB (25.0%, 4/16) | |||||
| Salmonella [20] | NAL (70.0); CIP (60.0); LVX (80.0) | qnrA (30.0%, 6/20) | ND | Romania | (74) |
| qnrB (20.0%, 4/20) | |||||
| qnrS (25.0%, 5/20) | |||||
| aac(6’)-Ib-cr (25.0%, 5/20) | |||||
| qepA (20.0%, 4/20) | |||||
| Escherichia coli [365] | NALR-CIPS (50.7); NALR-CIPR (49.3) | qnrB4 (0.5%, 2/365) | 2003–2011 | Korea | (39) |
| qnrS1 (2.2%, 8/365) | |||||
| aac(6’)-Ib-cr (2.7%, 10/365) | |||||
| MDR Escherichia coli [41] | FQs (100.0); FQs (ENR, PRA, MAR) | qnrA (51.2%, 21/41) | 1999–2004 | Australia | (40) |
| qnrB (56.1%, 23/41) | |||||
| qnrS (39.0%, 16/41) | |||||
| qepA (73.0%, 30/41) | |||||
| Escherichia coli [80] | CIP (100.0) | aac(6’)-Ib-cr (62.5%, 5/8) | 2004–2012 | Portugal | (42) |
| qnrS1 (25.0%, 2/8) | |||||
| qepA (25.0%, 2/8) | |||||
| Escherichia coli [1,702] | CIP (24.5) | aac(6’)-Ib-cr (2.1%, 4/190) | 2007 | Canada | (43) |
| qnrB (1.1%, 2/190) | |||||
| Escherichia coli [590] | CIP (25.9); LVX (47.9) | PMQR genes (37.3%, 220/590) | 2010–2011 | China | (44) |
| aac(6’)-Ib (33.1%, 195/590) | |||||
| aac(6’)-Ib-cr (19.7%, 116/590) | |||||
| qnrB (1.5%, 9/590) | |||||
| qnrS (2.2%, 13/590) | |||||
| qepA (14.4%, 85/590) | |||||
| oqxAB (3.8%, 23/590) | |||||
| Esherichia coli [30] | Reduced-susceptibility to FQs (80.0) FQs (NOR, CIP, OFX, LVX) | qnrB (3.3%, 1/30) | 2010–2011 | Algeria | (41) |
| qnrS (6.7%, 2/30) | |||||
| Escherichia coli [579] | CIP (91.9); LVX (82.4) | qnr (14.9%, 11/74) | 2008 | China | (75) |
| aac(6’)-Ib-cr (55.4%, 41/74) | |||||
| qepA (37.8%, 28/74) | |||||
| Escherichia coli [202] | LOM (77.5); OFX (68.8); ENR (56.4) | qnrS (10.4%, 21/202) | 2012 | China | (76) |
| aac(6’)-Ib-cr (32.2%, 65/202) | |||||
| Escherichia coli [80] | Not susceptible: CIP (5.0); OFX (16.0); LVX (6.2) | aac(6’)-Ib-cr (27.5%, 22/80) | 2009–2012 | Poland | (77) |
| qnrB (8.8%, 7/80) | |||||
| qnrS (2.5%, 2/80) | |||||
| qepA (73.0%, 30/41) | |||||
| Escherichia coli [1,013] | Reduced susceptibility CIP (17.0) | qnrS1 (87.1%, 54/62) | 2010–2011 | Europe | (78) |
| qnrS2 (1.6%, 1/62) | |||||
| qnrB19 (6.5%, 4/62) | |||||
| aac(6’)-Ib-cr (1.6%, 1/62) | |||||
| Escherichia coli [126] | ND | qnrA (0.8%, 1/126) | 2008–2011 | Japan | (79) |
| aac(6’)-Ib-cr (8.7%, 11/126) | |||||
| qepA (1.6%, 2/126) | |||||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae [102] | CIP and/or LVX (59.8) | qnrS (27.6%, 8/29) | 2009–2012 | Japan | (46) |
| qnrB (24.1%, 7/29) | |||||
| aac(6’)-Ib-cr (17.2%, 5/29) | |||||
| qnrA (6.9%, 2/29) | |||||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae [235] | CIP (52.8) | qnrB2 (21.1%, 26/123) | 2002 | China | (47) |
| qnrB4 (15.4%, 19/123) | |||||
| qnrS1 (10.6%, 13/123) | |||||
| aac(6’)-Ib-cr (16.3%, 20/123) | |||||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae [112] | CIP (59.3); LVX (47.5) | qnr ((88.1%, 52/59) | 2008 | China | (75) |
| qnrB (54.2%, 32/59) | |||||
| qnrS (30.5%, 18/59) | |||||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae [24] | non-susceptible in qnr-positive isolates, CIP (35.3%, 6/17); LVX (29.4%, 5/17) | qnrB4 (45.8%, 11/24) | 2008–2011 | Japan | (79) |
| qnrB6 (4.2%, 1/24) | |||||
| qnrS1 (16.7%, 4/24) | |||||
| aac(6’)-Ib-cr (4.2%, 1/24) | |||||
| ESBL-EN [63] | Reduced-susceptibility to NOR and OFX (74.6) | qnrS1 (4.3%, 2/47) | 2006 | France | (80) |
| aac(6’)-Ib-cr (25.5%, 12/47) | |||||
| Enterobacteriaceae [2017] | CIP (10.7) | aac(6’)-Ib-cr (85.7%, 42/49) | 2010 | Poland | (48) |
| qnrB (26.5%, 13/49) | |||||
| qnrA (6.1%, 3/49) | |||||
| qnrS (6.1%, 3/49) | |||||
| ESBL-EN [120]: Escherichia coli [40], Klebsiella pneumoniae [40], Enterobacter cloacae [40] |
CIP: E. coli (67.5); K. Pneumoniae (82.5); E. cloacae (35.0) |
qnr genes (25.8%, 31/120) | 2010 | Tunis | (49) |
| qnrB1 (83.8%, 26/31) | |||||
| qnrB4 (6.4%, 2/31) | |||||
| qnrB2 (3.2%, 1/31) | |||||
| qnrS1 (6.4%, 2/31) | |||||
| oqxAB (21.7%, 26/120) | |||||
| aac(6’)-Ib-c (19.2%, 23/120) | |||||
| ESBL-EN [73] | CIP (77.0) | PMQR genes (57.5%, 42/73) | 2008 | Israel | (81) |
| qnrB (21.9%, 16/73) | |||||
| qnrA (2.7%, 2/73) | |||||
| aac(6’)-Ib-cr (52.1%, 38/73) | |||||
| Shigella sonnei [15] | CIP (100.0) | NEG | 2014 | Korea | (52) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa [256] | CIP (25.4); LVX (28.5); MXF (27.7) |
qnrA1 (0.4%, 1/256) | 2010 | South China | (57) |
| Haemophilus parasuis [115] | FQs (17.4) FQs (NAL, LVX, CIP, ENR, NOR, LOM) |
qnrA1 (2.6%, 3/115) | 2008–2010 | South China | (58) |
| qnrB6 (0.9%, 1/115) | |||||
| aac(6’)-Ib-cr (2.6%, 3/115) | |||||
| Acinetobacter pittii [27] | CIP (25.9) | NEG | 2013 | China | (59) |
| Acinetobacter baumannii [50] | CIP (100.0) | qnrA (0.0%, 0/50) | 2010–2012 | Iran | (60) |
PMQR, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance; m, number of positive isolates; M, number of isolates detected; NEG, negative; ND, not determined; NAL, nalidixic acid; LVX, levofloxacin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; ENR, enrofloxacin; NOR, norfloxacin; LOM, lomefloxacin; OFX, ofloxacin; MXF, moxifloxacin; PRA, pradofloxacin; MAR, marbofloxacin; FQs, Fluoroquinolone antibiotics; MDR, multidrug-resistant; ESBL-EN, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-harbouring Enterobacteriaceae; NALR-CIPS, nalidixic acid resistant and ciprofloxacin susceptible; NALR-CIPR, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistant.