. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jan 21.

Published in final edited form as: Analyst. 2015 Nov 3;141(2):536–547. doi: 10.1039/c5an01829c

Table 2.

Comparative summary of tools for cancer diagnosis

Tool	Principle	Analytical Parameters

		Number of Samples/Matrix	Biomarkers tested	Sample (µL)	LOD/Clinic al Value (pg/mL)	Assay time (min)	Cost/test (USD)
µChip⁶⁰	µFluidics; Colorimetric IA	1/Urine	HE4 for ovarian cancer	100	19000	300	Not mentioned
LOC⁶¹	µFluidics; Fluorescence IA	1/Serum	CEA, PSA, AFP	1000	<5000	~30	Not mentioned
LOC⁶²	µFluidic plug-n-play PDMS system; Colorimetric IA	1/Whole blood	CEA, CYFRA21-1	<3	<60	~60	Not mentioned
LOC⁶³	µFluidics; IHC	1/Tissues	ER, HER2, PR, Ki-67				Not mentioned
LOC²³	µFluidics; AlphaLISA	Sequential 8 samples /Cells	Cytokine secretion	~10	~10	45/~6 per sample	Not mentioned
LOC⁴⁴	µFluidics; ECL	1/Serum	PSA, PSMA, PF4	<10	<0.5	35	~0.5
µChip⁵⁹	µFluidics; ECL	1/Serum	IL-6, PSA, PSMA, Pf-4	<10	<0.1	36	~ 3.0
µChip³⁸	µFluidics; Amperometry	1/ Serum	IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α IL-1β,CRP	5	<0.007, <0.01	30	~ 5.0
µChip³⁷	µFluidics; Amperometry	1/Serum	IL-6, IL-8	5	<0.08 <5	45 8	~ 5.0
µChip⁴³	µFluidics; DPV on Paper	1/Serum	PSA	10	<5	15	~ 1.5

µChip-microchip; µFluidics-microfluidics; LOC-Lab-on-a-Chip; IA-Immunoassay; IHC-Immunohistochemistry; ECL-Electrochemiluminescence; DPV-Differential Pulse Voltametry; HE4-Human epididymis protein 4; CEA-Carcinoembryonic antigen; AFP-Alphafetoprotein; HER- Human epidermal growth factor receptor; PSA-Prostate-specific antigen; ER-Estrogen receptor; PR-Progesterone receptor; Ki67-Proliferation marker; CYFRA-Cytokeratin fragment; IL-Interleukin; PSMA-Prostate-specific membrane antigen; CRP-C-reactive protein; Pf4- Platelet factor