Table 1. Review of studies that examined the association between alcohol outlet density and adolescent alcohol use.
| Author, year | Location | Sample characteristics | Alcohol outlet density measure | Interaction by any individual-level characteristics? | Control for contextual socioeconomic status? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U.S. studies | |||||
| Chen et al., 2010 | 50 ZIP codes in California, U.S. | N=1,091; 14-16 years; 33% Hispanic, 51% non-Hispanic white, 16% other | Off-premise outlets per 1,000 roadway mile at ZIP code-level | No | Yes; ZIP code median household income |
| Pasch et al., 2009 | 7 county metropolitan area of Minneapolis-St. Paul, U.S. | N=242; 9th-11th graders; 93% White | Off-premise outlets within 2 mile buffers | No | No |
| Paschall et al., 2012 | 50 cities in California, U.S. | N=1,213; 13-18 years; 75% White | Off-premise, bars, and restaurants outlets per roadway mile | No | No |
| Tobler et al., 2009 | 42 areas within Chicago, Illinois, U.S. | N=5,655; 11-14 years; 43% African American, 29% Hispanic | Off-premise alcohol outlets per 1,000 population per community area | No | Yes; area deprivation index (geographic level unclear) |
| Truong & Sturm, 2009 | California., U.S. | N=3,660; 12-17 years; (race/ethnicity for adolescent sample not specified) | Off- and on-premise outlets within circular bands 0.1- mile-radius, between 0.1-mile and 0.5-mile radii, 0.5- and 1.0-mile radii and between 1.0- and 2.0-mile radii | No | Yes; census tract-level median household income |
| Stanley et al., 2011 | 219 rural communities across U.S. | N=151,703; 7-12th graders; 63% White, 13% African American, 14% Mexican American | Off-premise liquor/package stores and on-premise outlets per 1,000 residents within a ZIP code | No | No |
| Non-U.S. studies | |||||
| Huckle et al., 2008 | Auckland, New Zealand | N=1,179; 12-17 year olds; 63% European, 12% Maori; 8% Pacific, 16% Asian, 1% other | All outlets within a meshblock | No | Deprivation score at the census area unit level |
| Kuntsche et al., 2008 | 254 communities in Switzerland | N=6,183; 12-17 year olds (race not specified) | On-premise, off-premise outlets per 1,000 residents | No | No |
| Rootman et al., 1973 | 45 schools and communities in Alberta Canada | N=4,724 junior high school students | Presence of any alcohol outlet within the community | No | No |
| Rowland et al., 2014 | Victoria, Australia | N=10,143, 12-17 year olds, (race/ethnicity not specified) | Public bars, off-premise package outlets, on-premise outlets, and club outlets per 10,000 residents in a local government area | Yes; age | Yes; ZIP code-level socioeconomic advantage/disadvantage |
| Young et al., 2013 | Glasgow, Scotland, U.K. | N=979; 15 year olds (race/ethnicity not specified) | On-premise, off-premise alcohol outlets within 1200m of postcode | Yes; gender | No |
Note: Alcohol outlet density studies on adult samples are summarized in the review by Bryden et al., 2012.