Table 3.

Adjusted Odds Ratios (95% CI) for Risk of Vitamin D Deficiency (<50 nmol/L [<20 ng/mL]) Among Those Initially Replete (≥50 nmol/L) by Baseline Clinical Factors (Measured at Visit 2 Unless Noted)

	Visit 2 (1990–1992) to Visit 3 (1993–1995)			Visit 2 (1990–1992) to Visit 3 (1993–1995)			Visit 3 (1993–1995) to Brain MRI Visit (2004–2006)
	Whites			Blacks			Blacks
	Model 1a	Model 2b	Model 3c	Model 1a	Model 2b	Model 3c	Model 1a	Model 2b	Model 3c
Cases/subjects, n	105/640	105/638	105/634	170/354	169/350	163/341	41/142	41/141	41/141
Age, 10 y	0.93 (0.58, 1.50)	0.95 (0.58, 1.58)	1.02 (0.60, 1.72)	0.75 (0.47, 1.20)	0.91 (0.56, 1.50)	0.93 (0.55, 1.56)	0.94 (0.37, 2.35)	1.30 (0.47, 3.63)	1.07 (0.37, 3.11)
Male	0.47 (0.30, 0.73)	0.47 (0.28, 0.79)	0.37 (0.20, 0.66)	0.40 (0.26, 0.62)	0.35 (0.22, 0.57)	0.35 (0.20, 0.61)	0.93 (0.45, 1.93)	1.01 (0.44, 2.35)	0.93 (0.35, 2.47)
Use of MVI or		0.83 (0.49, 1.40)	0.87 (0.51, 1.49)		0.75 (0.44, 1.25)	0.83 (0.49, 1.42)		0.84 (0.36, 1.98)	0.78 (0.32, 1.87)
Educationd
<High School		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference
High school		1.56 (0.76, 3.18)	1.67 (0.81, 3.44)		1.19 (0.68, 2.08)	1.32 (0.74, 2.36)		1.11 (0.37, 3.36)	1.38 (0.42, 4.50)
≥College		1.77 (0.85, 3.67)	2.14 (1.01, 4.53)		1.66 (0.95, 2.89)	1.82 (1.02, 3.24)		1.18 (0.45, 3.06)	1.39 (0.51, 3.81)
BMI, kg/m2
<25		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference
25 to <30		1.26 (0.77, 2.05)	1.15 (0.69, 1.91)		1.45 (0.78, 2.69)	1.50 (0.76, 2.95)		1.45 (0.41, 5.15)	1.27 (0.35, 4.61)
≥30		1.90 (1.00, 3.60)	1.69 (0.86, 3.35)		1.00 (0.52, 1.91)	1.09 (0.53, 2.26)		3.56 (1.00, 12.61)	2.54 (0.67, 9.58)
Smoking
Never		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference
Former		1.26 (0.74, 2.15)	1.30 (0.75, 2.25)		1.18 (0.70, 1.99)	1.16 (0.68, 2.00)		1.31 (0.55, 3.14)	1.36 (0.56, 3.33)
Current		2.04 (1.15, 3.61)	2.06 (1.15, 3.70)		1.13 (0.59, 2.17)	1.24 (0.62, 2.50)		2.13 (0.63, 7.23)	2.57 (0.72, 9.21)
Current drinking
No		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference
Yes		0.72 (0.45, 1.14)	0.77 (0.48, 1.23)		1.39 (0.80, 2.41)	1.49 (0.84, 2.65)		1.45 (0.56, 3.78)	1.46 (0.53, 4.00)
Physical activityd		0.67 (0.51, 0.90)	0.69 (0.51, 0.92)		0.69 (0.48, 0.98)	0.65 (0.46, 0.94)		0.98 (0.57, 1.69)	1.02 (0.58, 1.79)
Hypertension			0.81 (0.47, 1.40)			0.86 (0.53, 1.39)			2.01 (0.82, 4.92)
Diabetes			2.12 1.06, 4.24)			0.80 (0.44, 1.44)			1.88 (0.75, 4.76)
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L			0.60 (0.33, 1.10)			0.91 (0.49, 1.68)			0.72 (0.27, 1.90)
Total cholesterol, mmol/L			1.07 (0.85, 1.33)			1.18 (0.95, 1.46)			1.02 (0.69, 1.50)
eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2
≥90			Reference			Reference
60 to <90			0.84 (0.50, 1.39)			0.64 (0.37, 1.09)
30 to <60			1.24 (0.39, 3.96)			1.11 (0.19, 6.57)
<30			NA			NA
eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2
≥90			Reference			Reference
60 to <90			0.84 (0.50, 1.39)			0.64 (0.37, 1.09)
30 to <60			1.24 (0.39, 3.96)			1.11 (0.19, 6.57)
<30			NA			NA

Abbreviation: NA, not available. Results in bold font represent statistically significant results (P < .05).

^aModel 1 (demographic variables) included the following: age, sex, center (race stratified models).

^bModel 2 (demographic + behavioral variables) included the following: model 1 + vitamin D supplementation use, education, BMI, smoking status, current alcohol drinking status, and physical activity.

^cModel 3 (demographic + behavioral + comorbidities) included the following: model 2 + hypertension, diabetes, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and eGFR (from visit 2 to visit 3 only).

^dUsed data from visit 1 (1986–1990) for visit 2.