TABLE 1.
Characteristics of Included Studies (n = 124)
| Characteristic | Number of Studies, n (%) |
|---|---|
| Year of publication | |
| 1988–1999 | 14 (11) |
| 2000–2009 | 58 (47) |
| 2010–2014 | 52 (42) |
| Sample size | |
| <50 | 43 (35) |
| 50–<100 | 33 (27) |
| 100–<200 | 21 (17) |
| ≥200 | 27 (22) |
| Study type | |
| RCT | 55 (44) |
| Cohort | 17 (14) |
| Pre–post | 23 (19) |
| Intervention trial (nonrandomized) | 8 (6) |
| Randomized crossover | 8 (6) |
| Crossover (nonrandomized) | 3 (2) |
| Case–control | 2 (2) |
| Chart review | 5 (4) |
| Facility evaluation | 2 (2) |
| Interview or survey | 1 (1) |
| Region (World Health Organization) | |
| Africa | 11 (9) |
| Americas | 50 (41) |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 11 (9) |
| Europe | 19 (16) |
| Southeast Asia | 20 (17) |
| Western Pacific | 9 (7) |
| Multiple | 1 (1) |
| Country-level economy (World Bank) | |
| Low income | 7 (6) |
| Middle income | 65 (54) |
| High income | 48 (40) |
| Multiple | 1 (1) |
| Country-level neonatal mortality ratio, deaths/1000 live births | |
| <5 | 52 (43) |
| 5–<15 | 36 (30) |
| 15–<30 | 29 (24) |
| ≥30 | 4 (3) |
| Setting | |
| Urban | 92 (90) |
| Rural | 4 (4) |
| Mixed | 6 (6) |
| Facility type | |
| NICU or step-down unit | 51 (42) |
| Health facility | 67 (55) |
| Community or population based | 3 (2) |
| Gestational age at birth | |
| Preterm, <37 wk | 34 (38) |
| Very preterm, <34 wk | 27 (30) |
| Full-term, ≥35–37 wk | 17 (19) |
| All gestational ages | 11 (12) |
| Comparison: preterm vs full term | 1 (1) |
| Birth wt | |
| LBW, ≤2500 g | 47 (58) |
| Very LBW, ≤1500 g | 15 (19) |
| Normal birth wt, ≥2500 g | 9 (11) |
| All birth weights | 10 (12) |
| KMC components | |
| SSC only | 71 (68) |
| SSC + EBF | 14 (13) |
| SSC + EBF + DC | 1 (1) |
| SSC + EBF + DC + FU | 4 (4) |
| SSC + DC | 1 (1) |
| SSC + DC + FU | 7 (7) |
| SSC + EBF + FU | 7 (7) |
| SSC initiation time | |
| Immediately after birth | 7 (8) |
| After stability criteria met | 41 (48) |
| After other criteria met | 27 (31) |
| For a painful procedure | 11 (13) |
| SSC duration promoted, h/d | |
| <2 | 38 (48) |
| 2–<4 | 14 (18) |
| 4–<9 | 6 (8) |
| 9–<12 | 0 |
| 12–<22 | 1 (1) |
| ≥22 | 20 (25) |
| Number of days of SSC promoted | |
| 1–5 | 47 (75) |
| 6–<30 | 9 (14) |
| ≥30 | 2 (3) |
| Dependent on hospital stay | 5 (8) |
DC, early discharge; EBF, exclusive breastfeeding; FU, follow-up after discharge.