TABLE 2.

RR and 95% CI for the Effect of KMC Compared With Conventional Care on Dichotomous Neonatal Outcomes

Outcome	All Studies					RCT and Adjusted Observational Studies
	n	RR (95% CI)a	P	Test for Heterogeneity (P)	I2, %b	n	RR (95% CI)a	p	Test for Heterogeneity (P)	I2, %b
Mortality
Latest follow-up46–61	16	0.77 (0.60 to 0.99)	.05	<.01	67	12	0.95 (0.73 to 1.23)	.69	.13	32
≤45 d46–55,58	11c	0.79 (0.57 to 1.10)	.17	<.01	77	7	1.16 (0.91 to 1.47)	.23	.29	18
3–12 mo46,47,56,57,59–61	7c	0.59 (0.43 to 0.82)	<.01	.63	0	6	0.67 (0.47 to 0.96)	.03	.88	0
LBW <2000 g46–54,56–61	15	0.64 (0.46 to 0.89)	.01	<.01	72	11	0.86 (0.59 to 1.24)	.41	.10	38
All birth weights50,55	2	1.04 (0.82 to 1.33)	.73	.83	0	1	1.06 (0.80 to 1.41)	.70	—	—
Exclusive breastfeeding
Discharge or 40–41 wk PMA28,50,59,62–71	13	1.50 (1.26 to 1.78)	<.01	<.01	93	8	1.25 (1.10 to 1.42)	<.01	<.01	59
1–4 mo old45,62,63,65,69,72–74	8	1.39 (1.11 to 1.74)	.01	.02	60	6	1.53 (1.08 to 2.18)	.02	<.01	71
Other
Infection15,27,28,48,52,53,58,60,65,67,75,76	12	0.67 (0.43 to 1.05)	.08	<.01	60	10	0.60 (0.36 to 1.01)	0.05	<.01	65
Sepsis15,27,28,48,52,53,58,65	8	0.53 (0.34 to 0.83)	.01	.23	25	7	0.44 (0.29 to 0.66)	<.01	.49	0
NEC49,58,65	3	0.96 (0.45 to 2.04)	.92	.45	0	3	0.96 (0.45 to 2.04)	.92	.45	0
Hypothermia15,18,36,48,52,58,65,77,78	9	0.22 (0.12 to 0.41)	<.01	<.01	71	7	0.28 (0.15 to 0.53)	<.01	.01	65
Hyperthermia15,48,52	3	0.77 (0.59 to 1.01)	.06	.88	0	3	0.77 (0.59 to 1.01)	.06	.88	0
Apnea27,46,48,52,58,65	6	0.39 (0.13 to 1.14)	.09	.12	42	6	0.39 (0.13 to 1.14)	.09	.12	42
Hypoglycemia27,48	2	0.12 (0.05 to 0.32)	<.01	.53	0	2	0.12 (0.05 to 0.32)	<.01	.53	0
Readmission60,74	2	0.42 (0.23 to 0.76)	<.01	1.00	0	1	0.42 (0.14 to 1.29)	.13	—	—

NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis; PMA, postmenstrual age.

^aRandom effects estimates.

^bI² variation in RR or MD attributable to heterogeneity.

^cTwo studies contributed data to estimates at both follow-up times of ≤45 d and 3–12 mo.^15,50