. 2016 Jan;137(1):e20152238. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-2238

TABLE 3.

MD and 95% CI for the Effect of KMC Compared With Conventional Care on Continuous Neonatal Outcomes

Outcome	All Studies					RCT and Randomized Crossover Studies
Outcome	n	MD (95% CI)^a	P	Test for Heterogeneity (P)	I², %^b	n	MD (95% CI)^a	P	Test for Heterogeneity (P)	I², %^b
Vital signs
Heart rate, beats/min³⁸^,⁶⁵^,⁷⁹^–⁹¹	15	−0.41 (−2.25 to 1.42)	.66	.03	46	2	0.04 (−1.60 to 1.68)	.96	.60	0
Respiratory rate, breaths/min⁵²^,⁶⁵^,⁷⁹^,⁸¹^,⁸³^–⁹⁰	12	−3.17 (−5.15 to −1.19)	<0.01	<.01	75	3	−5.49 (-8.80 to −2.18)	<.01	<.01	88
Oxygen saturation, %⁵²^,⁶⁵^,⁷⁹^–⁸¹^,⁸³^–⁹⁰^,⁹²	14	0.90 (0.35 to 1.45)	<.01	<.01	92	4	1.28 (0.39 to 2.17)	.01	<.01	86
Temperature, °C⁶⁵^,⁷⁸^–⁸³^,⁸⁵^–⁸⁷^,⁸⁹^,⁹³^–⁹⁵	14	0.24 (0.15 to 0.33)	<.01	<.01	82	3	0.24 (0.04 to 0.44)	.02	<.01	91
Breastfeeding initiation time, SMD⁴⁸^,⁵²^,⁹⁶^,⁹⁷	4	−1.07 (−2.30 to 0.17)	.09	<.01	97	4	−1.07 (−2.30 to 0.17)	.09	<.01	97
Growth
Wt change, g¹⁴^,¹⁸^,⁵³^,⁵⁹^,⁹⁸	5	3.29 (−4.95 to 11.52)	.43	.02	67	2	8.30 (1.16 to 15.43)	.02	.31	3
Wt change, g/day²⁸^,⁴⁸^,⁵⁸^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰⁰	5	2.58 (−0.51 to 5.67)	.10	<.01	81	4	3.04 (−1.35 to 7.43)	.18	<.01	84
Wt change, g/kg/day⁴⁹^,⁹⁹	2	−0.84 (−3.39 to 1.70)	.52	.02	81	0	—	—	—	—
Wt change, SMD¹⁴^,¹⁸^,²⁸^,⁴⁸^,⁴⁹^,⁵³^,⁵⁸^,⁵⁹^,⁹⁸^–¹⁰⁰	11	0.16 (−0.08 to 0.40)	.21	<.01	81	6	0.33 (−0.05 to 0.70)	.09	<.01	83
Length change, cm/wk¹⁸^,⁹⁶	2	0.15 (−0.09 to 0.39)	0.21	.03	79	2	0.15 (−0.09 to 0.39)	.21	.03	79
Length change, SMD¹⁸^,⁴⁸^,⁵⁸	3	0.24 (−0.02 to 0.49)	.07	.26	25	3	0.24 (−0.02 to 0.49)	.07	.26	25
Head circumference change, cm/wk¹⁸^,²⁸^,⁴⁸	3	0.19 (0.01 to 0.37)	.04	<.01	89	3	0.19 (0.01 to 0.37)	.04	<.01	89
Head circumference change, SMD¹⁸^,²⁸^,⁴⁸^,⁵⁸	4	0.61 (0.20 to 1.02)	<.01	<.01	77	4	0.61 (0.20 to 1.02)	<.01	<.01	77
Pain
Pain score, SMD³⁸^,¹⁰¹^–¹⁰⁹	10	−0.63 (−1.09 to −0.16)	.01	<.01	89	8	−0.75 (−1.28 to −0.22)	.01	<.01	89
Premature Infant Pain Profile score, 0–21³⁸^,¹⁰³^–¹⁰⁵^,¹⁰⁷^–¹⁰⁹	7	−0.83 (−1.53 to −0.13)	.02	<.01	88	5	−0.98 (−1.83 to −0.13)	.02	<.01	91
Neonatal Infant Pain Scale score, 0–7³⁸^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰⁶	3	−1.14 (−2.34 to 0.05)	.06	<.01	85	2	−1.21 (−2.88 to 0.45)	.15	<.01	91
Neonatal Facial Coding System score, 0–10¹⁰¹^,¹⁰²	2	−1.40 −3.08 to 0.28)	.10	<.01	91	2	−1.40 (−3.08 to 0.28)	.10	<.01	91
Crying duration after painful stimulus, s¹¹⁰^–¹¹²	3	−11.30(-19.79 to-2.80)	.01	.80	0	3	−11.30(−19.79 to −2.80)	.01	.80	0
Heart rate during painful stimulus, beats/min¹¹¹^–¹¹³	3	−7.46 (−12.98 to −1.93)	.01	.25	29	3	−7.46 (−12.98 to −1.93)	.01	.25	29
Heart rate after painful stimulus, beats/min¹⁰¹^,¹⁰³^,¹¹⁴^,¹¹⁵	4	−4.00 (−8.93 to 0.93)	.11	<.01	87	3	−7.52 (−8.47 to −6.58)	<.01	.54	0
Other
Length of hospital stay, days¹⁴^,¹⁸^,⁴⁸^,⁴⁹^,⁵²^,⁵³^,⁶⁸^,⁷¹^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰⁰^,¹¹⁶^,¹¹⁷	12	−0.68 (−2.11 to 0.75)	.35	<.01	95	5	−0.38 (−2.99 to 2.23)	.78	<.01	91
Cortisol, SMD³⁸^,⁹⁵^,¹⁰⁷	3	−0.44 (−0.94 to 0.06)	.08	.12	54	2	−0.58 (−0.88 to −0.29)	<.01	.33	0

SMD, standardized mean difference.

Random effects MD.

I²: variation in RR or MD attributable to heterogeneity.