Table 2.
Aortic stiffness, nitric oxide species, markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, and chemistry panel
| Parameters | Cocoa Flavanol | Placebo | P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day 0 | Day 30 | Day 0 | Day 30 | ||
| Aortic stiffness | |||||
| PWV (m/s) | 11.9±1.1 | 11.0±0.9 | 12.4±0.9 | 12.0±1.1 | 0.32 |
| Carotid IMT (mm) | 0.81±0.02 | 0.79±0.02 | 0.81±0.02 | 0.81±0.02 | 0.28 |
| Nitric oxide interleukin | |||||
| Nitrite (µM) | 0.31±0.05 | 0.33±0.05 | 0.34±0.05 | 0.35±0.09 | 0.49 |
| Nitrate (µM) | 57.5±4.9 | 71.7±11.8 | 84.5±11.8 | 76.8±8.0 | 0.12 |
| Oxidative stress | |||||
| OxLDL (units per liter) | 50.9±3.6 | 51.2±3.6 | 51.1±2.9 | 50.1±1.8 | 0.93 |
| Inflammation | |||||
| AGE CML (ng/ml) | 3240±561 | 3438±310 | 2503±325 | 3189±324 | 0.35 |
| CRP (mg/dl) | 0.6±0.1 | 0.7±0.2 | 0.9±0.4 | 0.8±0.5 | 0.77 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 2.6±0.4 | 3.3±0.4 | 3.6±0.4 | 3.3±0.6 | 0.25 |
| Myocardial ischemia | |||||
| Hs-troponin (ng/ml) | 62.6±9.4 | 66.6±10.3 | 61.5±8.0 | 62.9±8.1 | 0.93 |
| Chemistry panel | |||||
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 8.3±0.5 | 8.4±0.6 | 7.5±0.5 | 7.8±0.5 | 0.42 |
| Cystatin C (mg/dl) | 5.2±0.3 | 5.3±0.2 | 5.6±0.2 | 5.3±0.2 | 0.86 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 5.1±0.2 | 5.1±0.2 | 4.9±0.2 | 5.0±0.1 | 0.06 |
| Homocysteine (mg/dl) | 44.6±4.7 | 48.0±4.4 | 36.2±1.7 | 39.6±2.1 | 0.53 |
| Total protein (mg/dl) | 7.0±0.1 | 6.9±0.1 | 6.9±0.2 | 6.9±0.1 | 0.65 |
| Phosphate (mg/dl) | 5.3±0.3 | 5.3±0.3 | 5.0±0.3 | 5.0±0.3 | 0.34 |
Unpaired t test was used for comparing the groups on change from baseline. PWV, pulse wave velocity; IMT, intima-media thickness; OxLDL, oxidized LDL; AGE CML, carboxymethyl lysine advanced glycation end products; CRP, C-reactive protein; Hs-troponin, high-sensitivity troponin.