Table 1.
Participant demographics and reports of workplace bullying.
| Ppt no. | Socio-political identity of the victim | Organizational status | Sex | Status of perpetrator | Occupation | Age | Te-nure* | Negative acts reported | Reported frequency of bullying | Reported costs of bullying |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Public Sector | ||||||||||
| 3** | Secularist | managerial | female | peer | officer | 52 | 23 | attacks on political views, being ostracized at work, belittling remarks, being deprived of responsibility | approximately every week | psychosomatic complaints, absenteeism, reduced job commitment and performance, intention to quit, reputational damage |
| 33 | Secularist | managerial | male | peer | teacher | 50 | 26 | criticism of private life, belittling remarks | approximately every month | obstacles to career development, reduced job performance |
| 16 | Secularist | managerial | male | superior, peer | auditor | 58 | 31 | attacks on attitudes and religious beliefs, assigning inappropriate tasks | approximately every month | reduced self-esteem, reduced job performance, partial loss of salary |
| 20 | Secularist | managerial | male | superior | chemical engineer | 49 | 23 | being deprived of responsibility, assigning inappropriate tasks, removal of essential work facilities | approximately every week | negative affect, reduced job performance, early retirement |
| 5 | Secularist | non-managerial | female | peer | bank officer | 27 | 3 | attacks on ethnicity and religious views | approximately every week | reduced job performance, intention to quit |
| 13 | Secularist | non-managerial | female | peer | architect | 34 | 11 | being ignored by co-workers | almost daily | reduced job commitment |
| 26 | Secularist | non-managerial | female | peer | teacher | 40 | 15 | attacks on political and world views, criticism of private life | approximately every week | negative affect, reduced job commitment and performance, intention to quit |
| 18** | Secularist | non-managerial | female | superior, peer | physician | 48 | 17 | attacks on religious beliefs, being deprived of responsibility, work-related criticism, public humiliation, assigning tasks above ability level | approximately every week | negative affect, reduced self-esteem, obstacles to career development, resignation from post |
| 31 | Secularist | non-managerial | female | superior, peer | clerk | 41 | 14 | assigning inappropriate tasks, attacks on religious beliefs, being ordered to work in an isolated place | almost daily | negative affect, reduced self-esteem, intention to quit |
| 19 | Secularist | non-managerial | female | superior | human resources specialist | 47 | 21 | being deprived of responsibility, being ordered to work on own, withdrawing significant benefits | approximately every month | negative affect, reduced job commitment and performance, early retirement |
| 4 | Secularist | non-managerial | male | superior, peer | university lecturer | 47 | 21 | attacks on attitudes | approximately every week | reduced self-esteem, depression, reputational damage, reduced job commitment and performance, obstacles to career development |
| 35 | Islamist | managerial | female | peer | scientific researcher | 35 | 8 | denial of work recognition | occasionally | negative affect |
| 29 | Islamist | managerial | male | superior | surgeon | 45 | 18 | attacks on worldview and religious beliefs, slanders, criticism of private life | approx. every week, note that this bullying occurred only before 2002, while secularists were in power | negative affect, intention to quit job |
| 14 | Islamist | non-managerial | female | peer | clerk | 32 | 8 | malicious gossip | occasionally | reduced job commitment |
| 36 | Islamist | non-managerial | female | peer | teacher | 27 | 5 | malicious gossip | occasionally | negative affect |
| 37 | Islamist | non-managerial | female | superior | economist | 47 | 22 | assigning tasks above ability level | occasionally | no consequence reported |
| 2 | Islamist | non-managerial | male | superior | clerk | 28 | 4 | excessive surveillance | occasionally | no consequence reported |
| 22 | not identified | non-managerial | female | peer | marketing consultant | 26 | 3 | verbal abuse, verbal threats | approximately every month | paranoia, stress, reduced organizational commitment |
| 1 | not identified | non-managerial | male | superior | psychologist | 31 | 3 | assigning tasks below ability level | approximately every month | intention to quit |
| Private Sector | ||||||||||
| 17** | Secularist | managerial | female | superior | teacher | 65 | 24 | assigning tasks above ability level, verbal abuse, excessive surveillance | approximately every week | paranoia, reduced job commitment |
| 25 | Secularist | managerial | male | superior, peer | industrial engineer | 55 | 6 | attacks on religious beliefs, verbal threats, being ordered to work in an isolated place | approximately every week | negative affect, reduced self-esteem, resignation from post |
| 10*** | Secularist | managerial | male | superior | mining engineer | 34 | 7 | public humiliation, being deprived of responsibility | occasionally | obstacles to career development, reduced job performance |
| 21 | Secularist | non-managerial | female | peer | marketing consultant | 27 | 2 | criticism of background, work-related criticism, being ostracized at work | approximately every week | stress, worrying about the future, reduced self-esteem |
| 7 | Secularist | non-managerial | female | superior | accountant | 33 | 5 | being ignored by others, verbal threats, assigning tasks above ability level, scapegoating | ignored: daily; the rest: approximately every month | reduced job commitment and performance |
| 11 | Secularist | non-managerial | female | superior | salesperson | 28 | 4 | work-related criticism, verbal threats, slanders, allocating inappropriate vacation days | work-related criticism: almost daily, the rest: approximately every month | reduced self-esteem, depression, reduced job performance |
| 27 | Secularist | non-managerial | male | peer | furniture designer | 45 | 21 | attacks on political and religious beliefs, criticism of private life | approximately every month | reduced job performance |
| 34 | Islamist | managerial | female | peer | marketing manager | 36 | 13 | attacks on religious beliefs, not being invited to social activities, being ignored by co-workers | approximately every month | reduced self-esteem |
| 28*** | Islamist | managerial | male | superior | salesperson | 40 | 12 | slanders, assigning tasks above ability level | approximately every month | partial loss of salary, resignation from post, anxiety |
| 30 | Islamist | non-managerial | female | peer | scientific researcher | 32 | 4 | withholding work-related information | occasionally | reduced self-esteem |
| 38 | Islamist | non-managerial | female | peer | IT specialist | 26 | 3 | being ignored by co-workers | approximately every week | negative affect |
| 6 | Islamist | non-managerial | female | superior | assistant nurse | 25 | 5 | public humiliation, verbal abuse, criticism of private life | occasionally | loss of work enjoyment, reduced job commitment and performance |
| 12*** | Islamist | non-managerial | male | superior, peer | clerk | 38 | 14 | assigning task above ability level, withdrawing perquisites, slanders, work-related criticism | approximately every week | reduced job performance, negative affect, resignation from post |
| 8 | Islamist | non-managerial | male | superior | labourer | 32 | 10 | verbal threats, assigning tasks above ability level | approximately every week | damage to organization’s reputation, loss of customers, reduced job performance |
| 32 | Islamist | non-managerial | male | superior | management consultant | 29 | 5 | excessive surveillance | occasionally | damage to family relations |
| 23 | not identified | managerial | male | superior, peer | human resources specialist | 37 | 12 | verbal abuse, verbal threats, assigning tasks above ability level | approximately every week | reduced job commitment, intention to quit, negative affect |
| 15 | not identified | non-managerial | female | peer | civil engineer | 30 | 6 | being ignored by co-workers | almost daily | reduced self-esteem, psychosomatic complaints |
| 9*** | not identified | non-managerial | female | superior | accountant | 33 | 5 | being deprived of responsibility, assigning tasks below ability level | occasionally | negative affect, boredom at work, reduced job discipline |
| 24 | not identified | non-managerial | male | superior | accountant | 34 | 8 | assigning inappropriate leave dates, assigning tasks above ability level, verbal abuse | assigning inappropriate leave dates: approximately every six months, the rest: approximately every week | negative affect |
Note: Except where indicated, all participants reported on bullying that was experienced by them directly.
*
Tenure in current organization, in years; where respondent had left the organization in which the bullying incident(s) had occurred, this is their total number of years in that organization.
**
Respondent is both a bystander and victim of bullying at work.
***
Respondent was a bystander of bullying at work, and did not experience it directly.