Table 5.
The course of the disease and cognitive reserve.
| Subjects | Aim | Results | Macro study | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longitudinal pattern | ||||
| Dementia | To compare longitudinal change in EEG indicators with clinical symptoms | Increased EEG slow-wave activity was correlated with increased parietal lobe dysfunction and dementia degree | B | Edman41 |
| SCI/MCI | Interactive effects of APOE and Aβ1-42 on memory performance | Association between memory performance and Aβ1-42 were significant among APOE ɛ4 carriers | A | Thorvaldsson115 |
| HC, SCI, MCI, dementia | To predict cognitive performance on the basis of biomarkers in HC and patients at various impairment levels | Aβ1-42 was associated with cognitive functions from a potentially early to a later disease phase, and T-tau was more indicative of performance in a later phase | A | Rolstad71 |
| HC, SCI, MCI, dementia | To predict cognitive performance on the basis of Aβ1-42 and NFL in HC and patients at various impairment levels | NFL was associated with cognitive functions in a putative early phase and Aβ1-42 in a putative later phase | A | Rolstad73 |
| Cognitive reserve | ||||
| Stable MCI, dementia | To examine the applicability of biomarkers as surrogates for pathology in relation to cognitive reserve | Highly educated–converting MCI patients displayed more amyloid pathology although cognitively performing equally to lower educated patients | A | Rolstad75 |
| Stable MCI, dementia | To study the relation between biomarkers, neuropsychological performance, and cognitive reserve longitudinally | The results provided further support for Aβ42 as a substitute for pathology in relation to cognitive reserve | A | Rolstad76 |
| Stable MCI | To study the relation between biomarkers, neuropsychological performance, and cognitive reserve longitudinally | Stable MCI patients with higher education had lower concentrations of T-tau as compared with those with lower education | A | Rolstad77 |
| HC, SCI, MCI, dementia | To examine whether certain cognitive systems may compensate for the effect of CSF Aβ42 and T-tau on other cognitive systems | Most cognitive systems were able to maintain cognitive performance despite CSF burden | A | Rolstad78 |
APOE, apolipoprotein E; Aβ, amyloid-β; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; EEG, electroencephalography; HC, healthy control; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; NFL, neurofilament light subunit; SCI, subjective cognitive impairment; T-tau, total tau.
Macro study A: Gothenburg MCI study, 1999; B: revised prospective dementia study (P-rev), 1991 to 1997.