Table 5.
Correlates of lifestyle behaviors
| Lifestyle behavior | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of alcohol consumption | Number of vegetable consumption | Number of fruit consumption | Amount of physical activity | Nonsmoking | |||||||||||
| (N = 223) | (N = 225) | (N = 228) | (N = 225) | (N = 141)a | |||||||||||
| Variable | B | (95 % CI) | p | B | (95 % CI) | p | B | (95 % CI) | p | B | (95 % CI) | p | ExpB | (95 % CI) | P c |
| Age | . 037 | (-.15; .23) | .698 | −1.307 | (-2.70; .09) | .067 | .007 | (-.01; .02) | .367 | −13.723 | (-25.94; -1.51) | .028* | .936 | (.86; 1.02) | .127 |
| Female gender | −5.805 | (-11.13; -4.77) | .033* | 7.579 | (-32.98; 48.14) | .713 | .211 | (-.20; .63) | .315 | −11.993 | (-361.07; 337.08) | .946 | .394 | (.04; 4.45) | .399 |
| Marital status | |||||||||||||||
| Without partner | ref | ref | ref | ref | |||||||||||
| With partner | −4.986 | (-10.75; .73) | .089 | 24.032 | (-17.65; 65.72) | .257 | .174 | (-.25; .60) | .421 | −122.543 | (-478.92; 233.83) | .498 | |||
| Education | |||||||||||||||
| Low | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | .198 | |||||||||
| Medium | −1.165 | (-5.60; 3.72) | .605 | 14.521 | (-17.78; 64.82) | .376 | -.019 | (-.35; .31) | .907 | −176.621 | (-451.64; 98.40) | .207 | 2.664 | (.52; 13.75) | .242 |
| High | −2.370 | (-6.64; 1.90) | .274 | 18.004 | (-1.71; 49.72) | .264 | .075 | (-.25; .40) | .644 | −215.435 | (-474.80; 43.93) | .103 | 5.451 | (.72; 41.44) | .101 |
| Income | |||||||||||||||
| Above average | ref | ref | ref | ref | |||||||||||
| Average | −2.646 | (-6.42; 1.13) | .168 | −19.041 | (-47.66; 9.58) | .191 | -.118 | (-.41; .17) | .423 | 71.279 | (-169.63; 312.19) | .560 | |||
| Below average | −4.183 | (-9.78; 1.41) | .142 | −6.040 | (-47.44; 35.36) | .774 | .022 | (-.40; .45) | .917 | −77.931 | (-431.78; 275.19) | .654 | |||
| Cancer type | |||||||||||||||
| Other | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | .096 | |||||||||
| Breast | −1.244 | (-7.97; 5.48) | .716 | −1.055 | (-51.79; 49.68) | .967 | -.046 | (-.56; .47) | .862 | 137.614 | (-291.14; 566.37) | .527 | .489 | (.02; 12.11) | .662 |
| Colon | −1.859 | (-8.18; 4.46) | .562 | 5.333 | (-42.80; 53.47) | .827 | .002 | (-.49; .49) | .995 | 15.656 | (-390.56; 421.88) | .939 | .045 | (.00; 1.04) | .053 |
| Treatment | |||||||||||||||
| Allb | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | .554 | |||||||||
| Surgery alone | 1.914 | (-4.18; 8.01) | .536 | −6.261 | (-51.72; 39.20) | .786 | -.077 | (-.54; .39) | .745 | −67.186 | (-443.93; 309.56) | .725 | .483 | (.04; 5.73) | .565 |
| Surgery, chemo | .991 | (-3.40; 5.38) | .657 | -.259 | (-33.72; 33.20) | .988 | −0.52 | (-.39; .29) | .764 | 56.566 | (-223.74; 3236.87) | .691 | 3.975 | (.38; 41.21) | .247 |
| Surgery, radiation | .228 | (-4.88; 5.34) | .930 | −15.436 | (-52.36; 21.49) | .411 | .031 | (-.35; .21) | .872 | −43.457 | (-358.83; 271.92) | .786 | .471 | (.06; 3.68) | .473 |
| Other | -.041 | (-7.96; 7.88) | .992 | -.947 | (-60.33; 58.44) | .975 | -.144 | (-.74; .45) | .633 | −70.914 | (-559.88; 418.05) | .775 | 1.275 | (.04; 43.16) | .893 |
| Aftercare | |||||||||||||||
| No | ref | ref | ref | ref | |||||||||||
| Yes | 1.914 | (-5.00; 2.39) | .487 | −15.766 | (-43.27; 11.74) | .260 | -.070 | (-.35; .21) | .622 | −60.426 | (-291.29; 170.44) | .606 | |||
| Time after treatment | .991 | (-.236; .026) | .117 | 1.053 | (.09; 2.02) | .032* | .003 | (-.01; .01) | .500 | .787 | (-7.26; 8.83) | .874 | |||
| BMI | -.257 | (-.654; .14) | .203 | 1.654 | (-1.32; 4.63) | .274 | -.013 | (-.04; .02) | .376 | −7.844 | (-33.21; 17.53) | .453 | |||
| Glob. Health/ QoL | .044 | (-.10; .12) | .543 | -.412 | (-1.48; .67) | .451 | -.002 | (-.01; .01) | .732 | .246 | (-8.74; 9.23) | .957 | .926 | (.86; 1.00) | .052 |
| Physical funct. | .008 | (-.17; .18) | .929 | -.676 | (-1.99; .46) | .313 | -.007 | (-.02; .01) | .314 | 5.129 | (-6.24; 16.50) | .374 | |||
| Role funct. | –.076 | (-.20; .05) | .199 | .521 | (-.38; 1.42) | .254 | .006 | (-.00; .02) | .164 | 4.379 | (–3.05; 11.81) | .246 | |||
| Emotional funct. | –.078 | (–.20: .05) | .226 | .263 | (–.71; 1.24) | .593 | .003 | (–.01; .01) | .554 | 7.327 | (–.94; 15.59) | .082 | |||
| Cognitive funct. | –.013 | (–.12; .09) | .796 | –.079 | (–.86; .70) | .840 | –.002 | (–.01; .01) | .600 | .192 | (–7.84; 6.51) | .953 | .957 | (.92; 1.00) | .055 |
| Social funct. | .070 | (–.05; .19) | .234 | –.466 | (–1.32; .39) | .285 | –.003 | (–.01; .01) | .488 | –.661 | (–7.84; 6.51) | .856 | 1.046 | (1.00; 1.09) | .038* |
| Body Image | .016 | (–.07; .10) | .703 | .010 | (–.65; .66) | .977 | .000 | (–.01; .01) | .935 | 1.977 | (–3.43; 7.38) | .471 | |||
| Fatigue | .046 | (–.07; .16) | .436 | .269 | (–.63; 1.16) | .554 | .001 | (–.01; .01) | .744 | 7.732 | (.30; 12.15) | .041* | |||
| Nausea,vomiting | –.043 | (–.23; .15) | .651 | –.071 | (–1.56; 1.42) | .925 | .000 | (–.02; .01) | .957 | −2.743 | (–14.78; 9.29) | .654 | .945 | (.89; 1.01) | .081 |
| Pain | –.034 | (–.13; .06) | .472 | .169 | (–.56; .90) | .650 | .001 | (–.01; .01) | .784 | 6.229 | (.31; 15.16) | .039* | |||
| Dyspnea | –.025 | (–.11; .06) | .553 | –.428 | (–1.07;.21) | .188 | –.004 | (–.01; .00) | .277 | .010 | (–5.19; 5.21) | .997 | |||
| Insomnia | –.062 | (–.13; .00) | .058 | .214 | (–.27; .70) | .382 | .000 | (–.00; .01) | .866 | .850 | (–3.13; 4.83) | .674 | .977 | (.95; 1.01) | .108 |
| Appetite loss | .033 | (–.08; .15) | .576 | –.168 | (–1.05; .72) | .708 | .001 | (–.01; .01) | .805 | 4.505 | (–2.91; 11.91) | .223 | |||
| Constipation | –.036 | (–.12; .03) | .452 | –.374 | (–1.10; .35) | .310 | –.005 | (–.01; .00) | .186 | −5.298 | (–11.12; .53) | .074 | |||
| Diarrhea | .030 | (–.13; .06) | .503 | .111 | (–.59; .81) | .754 | .003 | (–.01; .01) | .383 | .151 | (–5.57; 5.87) | .959 | |||
| Financial probl. | .001 | (–.09; .09) | .987 | –.339 | (–.99; .31) | .302 | –.001 | (–.01; .01) | .827 | .024 | (–5.44; 5.49) | .993 | .977 | (.95; 1.01) | .157 |
| Anxiety | –.080 | (–.78; .62) | .820 | –.084 | (–5.43; 5.26) | .975 | –.008 | (–.06; .05) | .760 | 41.203 | (–3.24; 85.65) | .069 | .682 | (.50; .93) | .015* |
| Depression | .170 | (–.60; .94) | .662 | –.204 | (–6.03; 5.62) | .945 | –.027 | (–.09; .03) | .365 | −33.248 | (–80.72; 14.22) | .169 | 1.187 | (.89; 1,58) | .236 |
| Pos. adjustment | –.057 | (–.32; .20) | .667 | 2.297 | (.34; 4.26) | .022* | .013 | (–.02; .03) | .198 | 12.872 | (–3.001; 28.75) | .111 | |||
| Neg. adjustment | –.149 | (–.48; .18) | .373 | −1.992 | (–4.40; .42) | .105 | .005 | (–.02; .03) | .714 | 6.782 | (–13.48; 27.04) | .510 | |||
| Illness perception | –.034 | (–.24; .17) | .738 | .782 | (–.71; 2.28) | .303 | .010 | (–.01; .03) | .189 | −4.296 | (–16.86; 8.27) | .501 | |||
| PPO | 1.324 | (–1.05; 3.70) | .273 | −4.790 | (–22.60; 13.02) | .596 | –.001 | (–.18; .18) | .991 | −78.106 | (–225.46; 69.24) | .297 | |||
| NPO | .457 | (–1.75; 2.66) | .684 | 2.240 | (–14.26; 18.74) | .789 | –.078 | (–.25; .09) | .360 | −82.287 | (–222.29; 57.73) | .248 | |||
| Attitude | 1.522 | (–.32; 3.36) | .105 | 17.076 | (–1.98; 36.13) | .079 | –.016 | (–.21; .18) | .872 | 192.876 | (–19.74; 405.49) | .075 | 5.707 | (1.83; 17.7) | .003** |
| Social support | –.004 | (–.01; .00) | .290 | –.012 | (–.19; .17) | .894 | 0.00 | (–.00; .00) | .710 | –.111 | (–1.62; 1.40) | .884 | |||
| Self–efficacy | −1.532 | (–2.81; –.25) | .019* | 11.342 | (–3.70; 26.36) | .138 | .070 | (–.09; .23) | .378 | 181.637 | (54.71; 308.56) | .005* | 2.583 | (1.42; 4.69) | .002** |
| Intention | .479 | (–1.02; 1.98) | .530 | 36.980 | (23.16; 50.81) | .000** | .597 | (.48; .72) | .000** | 137.551 | (–23.15; 298.25) | .093 | .583 | (.58; 1.56) | .852 |
| Constant B (SE) | 35.146 (20.40) | −105.53 (151.51) | −1.63 (1.54) | −2456.07 (1356.25) | 2.96 (5.07) | ||||||||||
| R2 | .297 | .415 | .514 | .312 | |||||||||||
| Sig. F Change | .530 | .000 | .000 | .093 | |||||||||||
| Cox & Snell R2 | .518 | ||||||||||||||
| Nagelkerke R2 | .725 | ||||||||||||||
| Model X 2 | 102.87 | ||||||||||||||
| p | .000 | ||||||||||||||
Note: From Sequential Multiple Regression (continuous outcomes) and Sequential Logistic Regression (smoking) entry step 4 is displayed. Forced entry (enter) method was used; Abbreviations: ExpB: odds ratio; ref: reference group; BMI: Body Mass Index; EORTC: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer; QoL: Quality of Life; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; neg./pos. adjustment from MAC: Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale; IPQ: Illness Perception Questionnaire; SPSIR–R:S Short Social Problem Solving Inventory–Revised; Chemo: chemotherapy; PPO: positive problem orientation; NPO: negative problem orientation
aDependent variable encoding: if participant is former smoker 1; if participant is current smoker 0; never–smokers were excluded
ball = surgery + chemotherapy + radiation
c p–value of Wald test is presented
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01