Table 2.

List of Known Metabolites Associated With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Case Control Status in Lasso Logistic Regression

Metabolites	Fold Changea		Multivariable Analysisb	Univariate Analysisc
			Coefficient	Coefficient
	Mean	Median	(P-Value)	(P-Value)	(FDR P-Value)
Fatty acids
Linoleic acid	1.47	1.57	2.18	1.29	1.29
			(8.65E-08)	(6.27E-08)	(1.25E-06)
Oleic acid	1.30	1.35	−1.04	0.50	0.50
			(9.97E-03)	(9.43E-03)	(5.63E-02)
Myristic acid	1.00	0.99	−0.96	−0.61	−0.61
			(5.37–01)	(5.42E-01)	(6.38E-01)
Sugars and alcohols
d-galactose	1.31	1.38	1.38	1.52	1.52
			(4.19E-03)	(1.48E-05)	(1.48E-04)
d-sorbitol	1.07	1.07	1.88	1.89	1.89
			(1.50E-01)	(1.97E-02)	(5.63E-02)
o-phosphocolamine	0.95	0.95	−0.39	−0.19	−0.19
			(1.97E-01)	(4.16E-01)	(5.54E-01)
Amino acids and their derivatives
l-alanine	1.03	1.03	1.34	0.62	0.62
			(1.51E-01)	(2.46E-01)	(4.47E-01)
l-valine	1.04	1.04	1.18	0.29	0.29
			(1.19E-01)	(5.13E-01)	(6.38E-01)
5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan	0.78	0.71	−0.16	−0.28	−0.28
			(2.50E-01)	(1.58E-02)	(5.63E-02)
l-serine	0.92	0.96	−2.58	−1.01	−1.01
			(2.57E-04)	(1.46E-02)	(5.63E-02)
Sarcosine	0.94	1.01	−0.87	−0.46	−0.46
			(1.37E-01)	(3.17E-01)	(5.27E-01)
l-pyroglutamic acid	0.98	0.99	−0.42	−0.04	−0.04
			(4.49E-01)	(9.02E-01)	(9.02E-01)
l-mimosine	0.98	0.98	−0.40	−0.53	−0.53
			(6.14E-01)	(4.00E-01)	(5.54E-01)
Organic acids
l-lactic acid	1.10	1.13	1.60	1.13	1.13
			(2.16E-02)	(1.76E-02)	(5.63E-02)
Glycolic acid	0.98	1.00	−0.89	−0.95	−0.95
			(5.10E-01)	(3.43E-01)	(5.27E-01)
Fumaric acid	1.11	1.14	0.47	0.36	0.36
			(6.55E-02)	(7.81E-02)	(1.83E-01)
Urea	0.88	0.93	−0.28	−0.40	−0.40
			(3.64E-01)	(8.24E-02)	(1.83E-01)

Abbreviation: FDR, false discovery rate.

Lasso logistic regression (adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, family history of diabetes, and maternal race) performed to identify sets of metabolites jointly associated with case-control status.

^aFold change (GDM case/control).

^bMultivariable logistic regression model based on lasso-selected metabolites adjusting for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, family history of diabetes, and maternal race.

^cUnivariate logistic regression of each lasso-selected metabolite adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, family history of diabetes, and maternal race.