Table 5.
Effects of EDCs Observed in Reproductive System of Male Animals
| EDC | Observation | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| Alkyl phenol ethoxylates (p-tert-octylphenol, p-nonylphenol) | Reduction in testis weight, decreased seminiferous tubule diameter | 1283 |
| Increased testis weight, reduction in epithelial height of the efferent ducts | 1284 | |
| Decreased testis weight | 1283, 1285 | |
| Decreased epididymal weight, decreased total cauda epididymal sperm count | 1285 | |
| BPA | Reduced sperm count | 110 |
| DDE | Nipple retention | 1262, 1286, 1287 |
| Hypospadias | 1286 | |
| Reduced accessory sex organ weights | 1262, 1286, 1288 | |
| Reduced AGD | 1262, 1287 | |
| Delayed preputial separation | 1262 | |
| Abnormally small penis, poorly organized testis, decreased plasma testosterone levels | 1289 | |
| DES | Sterility, epididymal cysts, cryptorchidism, testicular lesions, inflammatory disease of the accessory sex glands, reduction in the number of spermatogonia with multinucleate cells in lumina of testis, nodular enlargements of the seminal vesicles and/or prostate | 1290 |
| Reduction in testis weight | 1284, 1291, 1292 | |
| Distension and overgrowth of the rete testis | 1284, 1292, 1293 | |
| Distension and reduction in epithelial height of the efferent ducts | 1284 | |
| Underdevelopment of the epididymal duct epithelium, convolution of the extra-epididymal vas; decreased AR expression in testis, epithelium of the rete testis, caput and cauda epididymis, and vas deferens | 1292 | |
| Reduction in epithelial height in the vas deferens | 1292, 1293 | |
| Decreased testosterone levels | 1293, 1294 | |
| Increased gonadotropin levels, increased pubertal FSH levels | 1294 | |
| Decreased pituitary response to GnRH | 1295 | |
| Dicarboximide fungicides (vinclozolin, procymidone, prochloraz) | Hypospadias | 1286, 1288, 1296, 1297 |
| Cleft phallus | 1288, 1296 | |
| Reduced AGD | 734, 981, 1286, 1296–1299 | |
| Decreased testis weight | 1297, 1298 | |
| Cryptorchidism | 1296, 1297, 1300 | |
| Increased number of apoptotic germ cells in testis, reduced elongated spermatid content per testis | 981 | |
| Nipple retention | 1286, 1296, 1299, 1300 | |
| Reduced accessory sex organ weights | 981, 1286, 1296, 1298, 1300 | |
| Glandular atrophy and chronic inflammation of prostate | 981, 1297, 1300 | |
| Reduced secretion and chronic inflammation of seminal vesicles, chronic inflammation of epididymis, spermatogenic granuloma | 1297 | |
| Epididymal granulomas | 1296, 1300 | |
| Agenesis of prostate, decreased fertility, decreased testosterone levels | 1296 | |
| Decreased sperm number and daily sperm production | 1286, 1296, 1298 | |
| Increased sperm head abnormalities | 1298 | |
| Low ejaculated sperm count | 1286 | |
| Abnormal morphology of seminiferous tubules | 1296, 1298 | |
| Reduction of erections during the ex copula penile reflex test, increase in seminal emissions during the ex copula penile reflex tests | 1301 | |
| Dioxins | Reduced accessory sex organ weights | 808, 1302–1304 |
| Decreased testis weight, altered sex behavior, decreased daily sperm production, dose-related tendency for decreased plasma testosterone and DHT | 1302 | |
| Reduced AGD | 808, 1302–1304 | |
| Epididymal malformations | 808, 1304 | |
| Decreased sperm numbers | 808, 1302, 1304 | |
| Herbicides (linuron) | Nipple retention | 1160, 1286, 1305 |
| Reduced accessory sex organ weights, delayed preputial separation, decreased testis weight, reduced spermatid number, decreased AGD | 1286 | |
| Decreased AGD | 1160, 1286, 1305 | |
| Epispadias | 1286 | |
| Testicular and epididymal malformations | 1286 | |
| Delayed preputial separation | 1306 | |
| Decreased weight of ventral prostate | 1306 | |
| Decreased testosterone level | 735 | |
| Reduced sperm count | 735 | |
| Paracetamol | Decreased AGD | 744 |
| PCBs 77, 118, 126, 132 | Reduced accessory sex organ weights | 1286, 1307, 1308 |
| Decreased testis weight | 1286, 1308 | |
| Increased testis weight, increased epididymis weight, reduced AGD, increased daily sperm production, altered sex behavior | 1307 | |
| Increased AGD, increased number of abnormal sperm | 1308 | |
| Delay in onset of spermatogenesis, preputial separation, and sex accessory growth | 1286 | |
| Decreased sperm number and total motile sperm count | 1286, 1308 | |
| Phthalate esters (DEHP, BBP, DINP, DBP) | Nipple retention | 1286, 1309–1313 |
| Decreased testis weight | 718, 1300, 1311–1315 | |
| Reduced AGD | 718, 1286, 1309–1313 | |
| Cryptorchidism | 718, 1286, 1311–1313, 1315 | |
| Reduced accessory sex organ weights | 1286, 1309, 1311–1313, 1315 | |
| Lesion of the rete testis | 1309 | |
| Hemorrhagic testis | 1286, 1311 | |
| Cleft phallus and hypospadias | 1286, 1309, 1311–1313 | |
| Multinucleated gonocytes, agenesis of bulbourethral glands and gubernacular cords | 1311 | |
| Agenesis of the seminal vesicles and coagulating glands | 1311, 1313 | |
| Agenesis of epididymis and vas deferens | 1286, 1312, 1313 | |
| Histopathological changes of testis | 718, 1309, 1312–1315 | |
| Delayed preputial separation | 1286, 1312 | |
| Reduced fertility and fecundity | 1286 | |
| Reduced daily sperm production, increased serum testosterone levels | 1315 | |
| Reduced testicular testosterone levels | 1310, 1314 | |
| Reduced serum inhibin B levels, increased plasma LH levels | 1310 | |
| Tributyltin | Increased AGD | 1316 |
| Reduced number of Sertoli cells and gonocytes in fetal testis | 1317 |
Abbreviation: DHT, dihydrotestosterone. [Updated from J. Toppari et al: Endocrine Disrupters and Child Health. Possible Developmental Early Effects of Endocrine Disrupters on Child Health. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2012 (1318), with permission.]