Table 6.
Effects of EDCs on Prostate Cancer Risk and Mortality
| EDC | Exposure Period | Effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human studies | |||
| Agent Orange/dioxin | Adult | Increased PCa risk, increased recurrence, progression | 944–948 |
| Aldrin (pesticide) | Adult | Increased aggressive PCa, increased PCa risk with family history | 927, 928 |
| Arsenic (heavy metal) | Adult | Increased PCa incidence, mortality | 986, 990 |
| ATR (pesticide) | Adult | Increased PCa risk with family history | 937 |
| BPA | Development | Increased carcinogenic susceptibility | 960 |
| Adult | Increased PCa incidence | 958 | |
| Cadmium (heavy metal) | Adult | Increased or decreased PCa risk | 999,1000–1001 |
| Coumaphos (pesticide) | Adult | Increased PCa risk with family history | 927, 928 |
| DES | In utero | Persistent ectasia | 921 |
| DDT/DDE | Adult | No change in PCa risk | 976, 977 |
| Dieldrin, lindane, toxaphene, MXC, heptaphor, dicofol (pesticides) | Adult | Increased PCa risk | 934, 1213 |
| Endosulfan (pesticide) | Adult | Increased PCa risk | 933, 934 |
| Fonofos (pesticide) | Adult | Increased aggressive PCa, increased PCa risk with family history | 926, 936, 937, 939 |
| Malathion (pesticide) | Adult | Increased PCa risk, Increased aggressive PCa | 926 |
| PCBs | Adult | No change in PCa risk | 976, 977 |
| Adult occupational | Increased PCa risk, mortality | 975 | |
| Phorate (pesticide) | Adult | Increased PCa risk with family history | 939, 943 |
| Simazine (pesticide) | Adult | Increased PCa risk | 933 |
| TCDD | Adult | Increased PCa risk | 949 |
| Terbufos (pesticide) | Adult | Increased aggressive PCa, increased PCa risk with family history | 926, 933, 939,940–941 |
| Animal studies | |||
| Arsenic (heavy metal) | Adult | Increased stem cell transformation, human cells | 992, 993 |
| BPA | Neonatal | Increased carcinogenic susceptibility in rats | 105, 106, 959, 969, 1319 |
| Embryonic to adult | Increased stem/progenitor cell proliferation, human cells | 960, 1320 | |
| Adult | Increased aromatase activity, increased estradiol:testosterone ratio in rats | 974 | |
| Adult | Increased PCa cell proliferation, xenografts growth, human cell line | 1236 | |
| Adult | Increased PCa cell migration, invasion, human cell lines | 966 | |
| Adult | Increased centrosome amplification, benign and PCa human cell lines | 958 | |
| Cadmium (heavy metal) | Adult | Increased stem cell transformation, human cells | 1005 |
| Adult | Epithelial hyperplasia in rats, increased AR, ER | 1003, 1004 | |
| DES | Perinatal | PIN, tumors with aging | 970, 1275, 1321 |
| PCBs | Adult | Altered AR, ER, decreased secretions in rats | 973 |
| Adult | Increased proliferation, PSA, human cell line | 979 | |
| TCDD | Perinatal | Increased epithelial hyperplasia in mice | 956 |
| Adult | Decreased PCa progression in TRAMP mice | 956 | |
| Vinclozolin | In utero | Chronic prostatitis as adults in rats | 981, 983, 984 |
Abbreviation: PCa, prostate cancer.