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. 2015 Dec 10;112(52):15904–15909. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1515159112

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

Turning mechanisms implied by 3D data. Left-turning (red) and right-turning (blue) sperm cells roll their flagellum counterclockwise with a conical beat envelope, resulting in a left-turning torque. For right-turning sperm, this effect is counteracted by a larger opposing force due to the tilted head acting as a hydrofoil or “rudder.”