Table 1.
Characteristics of Utah Mothers of Children with Oral Clefts and Controls
| Characteristics | Controls (n = 469)a | Oral cleft case mothers
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isolated clefts
|
Clefts with multiple congenital anomalies
|
||||
| CL/P (n = 212)a | CP (n = 87)a | CL/P (n = 25)a | CP (n = 23)a | ||
| Maternal age in years (SD) at birth of index child | 27.2 (5.5) | 27.4 (5.5) | 27.8 (5.6) | 26.3 (5.6) | 28.2 (5.8) |
| Paternal age in years (SD) at birth of index child | 29.4 (6.0) | 29.8 (6.2) | 30.6 (6.2) | 30.0 (7.4) | 30.6 (6.8) |
| Male:female (%) | 59:41b | 64:36 | 51:49 | 80:20 | 39:61 |
| Ethnicity (%) | |||||
| Caucasian | 89.3 | 89.2 | 94.3 | 96.0 | 95.7 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 5.8 | 5.2 | 2.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Other | 5.1 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 4.7 | 4.3 |
| Maternal weight at conception in kg (SD) | 67.0 (15.7) | 67.2 (15.8) | 66.5 (12.8) | 70.7 (20.6) | 65.0 (11.9) |
| Maternal height in cm (SD) | 165.4 (6.9) | 165.8 (7.3) | 165.2 (6.3) | 167.7 (6.6) | 167.0 (6.6) |
| Maternal body mass index in kg/m2 (SD) | 24.5 (5.6) | 24.3 (4.9) | 24.4 (4.6) | 24.9 (6.3) | 23.4 (4.6) |
| Infant birthweight in kg (SD) | 3.4 (0.6) | 3.3 (0.6) | 3.3 (0.4) | 2.8c (0.8) | 2.6c (0.7) |
| Infant birth length in cm (SD) | 50.5 (3.4) | 50.3 (3.1) | 50.6 (3.0) | 47.1c (4.7) | 47.7c (3.8) |
| Maternal education (%) | |||||
| High school or less | 29.0 | 36.3 | 34.5 | 40.0 | 34.8 |
| Post-high school training | 71.0 | 63.7 | 65.5 | 60.0 | 65.2 |
| Household income per year (%) | |||||
| <$20,000 | 18.2 | 21.9 | 15.3 | 20.0 | 31.8 |
| $20,000 to $40,000 | 42.4 | 39.8 | 42.4 | 60.0 | 31.8 |
| >$40,000 | 39.5 | 38.3 | 42.3 | 20.0 | 36.3 |
| Persons in household (SD) | 3.6 (1.6) | 3.6 (1.7) | 3.3 (1.5) | 2.7d (0.9) | 3.7 (2.4) |
| Multivitamin use (%) | |||||
| 3 months before conception | 27.9 | 31.0 | 28.0 | 18.2 | |
| 2 months before conception | 31.6 | 31.7 | 35.6 | 28.0 | 18.2 |
| 1 month before conception | 36.6 | 34.1 | 37.9 | 32.0 | 22.7 |
| First month of pregnancy | 44.4 | 43.3 | 46.0 | 24.0 | 31.8 |
| Second month of pregnancy | 66.9 | 64.9 | 71.3 | 76.0 | 68.2 |
| Third month of pregnancy | 74.7 | 70.7 | 74.7 | 80.0 | 68.2 |
| Smoked in periconceptional periodf(%) | 10.9 | 15.1e | 14.9 | 24.0 | 17.4 |
| Alcohol use in periconceptional periodf (%) | 7.0 | 7.1 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.7 |
| Index birth-blood sample interval (years) | 4.3 (2.3) | 3.8d (2.2) | 3.4c (2.2) | 3.5 (2.1) | 3.6 (2.4) |
| Plasma folate (nmol/L) | 64.6 (33.4) | 51.9c (26.3) | 53.4c (28.5) | 57.3 (32.6) | 57.2 (21.3) |
| No. of assaysg | n = 468 | n = 212 | n = 87 | n = 25 | n = 23 |
| Erythrocyte folate (nmol/L) | 2119 (826) | 1991e (826) | 1918e (803) | 1884 (716) | 1727e (436) |
| No. of of assaysg | n = 465 | n = 211 | n = 87 | n = 25 | n = 22 |
| Plasma PLP (nmol/L) | 62.7 (54.4) | 61.9 (56.7) | 58.6 (61.5) | 39.5c (37.7) | 74.0 (69.1) |
| No. of assaysg | n = 468 | n = 212 | n = 87 | n = 25 | n = 23 |
| Plasma tHCY (μmol/L) | 4.147 (1.32) | 4.34 (1.39) | 4.17 (1.34) | 4.21 (1.28) | 3.98 (1.36) |
| No. of assaysg | n = 426 | n = 199 | n = 83 | n = 24 | n = 21 |
a
Number of mothers with complete interview data and blood samples.
b
Sex of control children frequency-matched to sex distribution of all case children.
c
p < 0.001.
d
p < 0.01.
e
p < 0.05.
f
Periconception period defined as 3 months before conception and first trimester of pregnancy.
g
The number of assays completed varies slightly because of limited availability of some sample aliquots.