Table 2.

Pharmacokinetics studies⁶³

Study	NPs	Main findings	Ref.
PK in BALB/c mice	DTPA-CNT with radiotracer [111In]	Functionalized SWNT are not retained in any of the reticuloendothelial system organs (liver or spleen) and are rapidly cleared from systemic blood circulation through the renal excretion route	103
PK in A/J mice	SiRNA DOTAP/DOPE complexes (250 nm) SiRNA RGD-PEG-PEI complexes (130 nm)	Complexation of siRNA with DOTAP/DOPE or RGD-PEG-PEI did not affect siRNA blood levels Complexes distributed mainly in liver and kidney with a rapid renal clearance by glomerular filtration DOTAP/DOPE: highest tissue levels were found in the liver, lung and kidney RGD-PEG-PEI: accumulated in the liver, lung, kidney, spleen	118
PK in BALB/c Mice	SPIO 20 nm, nanoferrite 30 nm and 100 nm, radioimmuno NPs	Clearance of the NPs and mean concentrations in lung, kidney and lymph nodes were similar to 111In-ChL6-NP Similar mean uptake levels in tumors	119
PK and biodistribution in Wistar rats	USPIO and USPIO-PHO	Long elimination half-life (255 min for USPIO and 776 min for USPIO-PHO) Accumulation in lungs and liver	120
Distribution in Wistar rats	Gold NPs	10 nm particles were present in various organ systems (liver, spleen, kidney, thymus, heart, testis) Larger particles were only detected in blood, liver and spleen	121
Distribution in ICR mice	50 nm MNP-SiO2 core–shell structure (RITC)	The particles were distributed in all organs, and the distribution pattern was time dependent	122
Distribution at ICR mice	Water soluble, hydroxylated SWCNT with radioactive 125I	Accumulated in the liver and kidneys, excreted in the urine after 18 days	112