Table 2. Results of the process and outcome measurements for patients under 75 years of age.
| Variable | 1998 | 2000 | 2002 | 2004 | 2006 | 2008 | 2010 | 2013 | P value for linear trend | P value for int. # | P value for gender | R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1791 | 791 | 1192 | 4471 | 12833 | 19872 | 30338 | 42641 | ||||
| Age (years) | 62.1 | 62.1 | 61.6 | 61.9 | 61.7 | 61.9 | 61.8 | 62.2 | <0.001 | 0.067 | <0.001 | - |
| (61.7–62.6) | (61.5–62.7) | (61.1–62.1) | (61.6–62.1) | (61.6–61.9) | (61.7–62.0) | (61.7–61.9) | (62.1–62.3) | |||||
| Sex | 50.4 | 50.6 | 50.8 | 48.9 | 48.3 | 47.8 | 46.8 | 45.8 | <0.001 | NA | NA | - |
| (% female) | (48.1–52.7) | (47.1–54.1) | (48.0–53.7) | (47.4–50.3) | (47.4–49.1) | (47.1–48.5) | (46.2–47.3) | (45.3–46.3) | ||||
| DM duration | 4.5 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 6.0 | <0.001 | 0.017 | <0.001 | - |
| (years) | (4.1–4.7) | (4.4–5.3) | (3.6–4.2) | (4.2–4.5) | (4.2–4.4) | (4.8–4.9) | (5.0–5.2) | (6.0–6.1) | ||||
| HbA1c | 86.8 | 98.1 | 93.0 | 90.0 | 88.7 | 96.0 | 98.6 | 95.6 | <0.001 | 0.680 | 0.078 | 0.337 |
| process (%) | (85.3–88.4) | (97.2–99.1) | (91.5–94.4) | (89.1–90.8) | (88.2–89.3) | (95.7–96.3) | (98.5–98.8) | (95.4–95.8) | ||||
| HbA1c mean | 57.5 | 56.8 | 53.8 | 52.0 | 49.9 | 49.2 | 50.2 | 50.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.021 | 0.728 |
| (mmol/mol) | (56.8–58.2) | (55.9–57.8) | (53.0–54.6) | (51.7–52.4) | (49.7–50.1) | (49.0–49.3) | (50.0–50.2) | (50.1–50.3) | ||||
| HbA1c >53 | 55.3 | 54.9 | 44.6 | 36.5 | 27.4 | 25.7 | 27.9 | 28.6 | <0.001* | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.926 |
| mmol/mol (%) | (52.8–57.8) | (51.4–58.4) | (41.7–47.5) | (35.0–38.0) | (26.6–28.3) | (25.0–26.3) | (27.4–28.4) | (28.2–29.1) | ||||
| DM treatment | 13.8 | 13.0 | 19.6 | 18.3 | 21.4 | 20.5 | 19.6 | 17.2 | <0.001* | 0.873 | 0.649 | 0.577 |
| Diet only (%) | (12.2–15.4) | (10.7–15.4) | (17.4–21.9) | (17.2–19.5) | (20.6–22.1) | (19.9–21.0) | (19.1–20.0) | (16.9–17.6) | ||||
| OBLD only (%) | 66.0 | 67.1 | 61.5 | 63.3 | 63.9 | 64.0 | 64.0 | 62.8 | 0.586 | 0.529 | <0.001 | 0.244 |
| (63.8–68.2) | (63.9–70.4) | (58.7–64.3) | (61.9–64.7) | (63.1–64.3) | (63.3–64.7) | (63.4–64.5) | (62.3–63.2) | |||||
| Insulin (%) | 13.5 | 14.5 | 14.1 | 14.4 | 11.0 | 11.5 | 13.0 | 13.1 | 0.519 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.072 |
| (11.9–15.1) | (12.1–17.0) | (12.1–16.1) | (13.4–15.4) | (10.4–11.5) | (11.1–12.0) | (12.6–13.4) | (12.8–13.4) | |||||
| SBP process (%) | 85.2 | 98.1 | 96.6 | 93.0 | 93.8 | 98.5 | 99.3 | 96.9 | <0.001 | 0.195 | 0.315 | 0.327 |
| (83.6–86.8) | (97.2–99.1) | (95.5–97.6) | (92.2–93.7) | (93.4–94.2) | (98.3–98.6) | (99.2–99.4) | (96.8–97.1) | |||||
| SBP mean | 151.4 | 148.7 | 143.2 | 143.7 | 140.4 | 138.8 | 137.1 | 135.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.949 |
| (mmHg) | (150.3–152.6) | (147.2–150.3) | (142.1–144.4) | (143.1–144.3) | (140.1–140.7) | (138.6–139.1) | (136.9–137.3) | (135.6–135.9) | ||||
| SBP ≥140 mmHg | 75.2 | 69.5 | 63.1 | 59.2 | 53.7 | 49.4 | 45.4 | 41.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.069 | 0.980 |
| (%) | (73.1–77.4) | (66.2–72.7) | (60.3–65.9) | (57.7–60.7) | (52.8–54.6) | (48.7–50.1) | (44.9–46.0) | (40.7–41.7) | ||||
| Hypertension | 45.5 | 53.1 | 63.3 | 67.4 | 70.5 | 70.7 | 66.7 | 66.7 | <0.001* | 0.578 | <0.001 | 0.632 |
| treatment (%) | (43.2–47.8) | (49.6–56.6) | (60.6–66.1) | (66.1–68.8) | (69.7–71.3) | (70.1–71.4) | (66.1–67.2) | (66.3–67.2) | ||||
| Cholesterol-HDL | 70.2 | 96.5 | 93.6 | 82.7 | 86.4 | 95.9 | 97.8 | 95.3 | <0.001 | 0.147 | 0.432 | 0.464 |
| ratio process (%) | (68.1–72.3) | (95.2–97.7) | (92.2–95.0) | (81.6–83.8) | (85.9–87.0) | (95.6–96.1) | (97.6–97.9) | (95.1–95.5) | ||||
| Cholesterol-HDL | 5.1 | 4.7 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.8 | <0.001* | 0.041 | <0.001 | 0.894 |
| ratio mean | (5.0–5.2) | (4.6–4.7) | (4.1–4.2) | (3.9–3.9) | (3.7–3.7) | (3.9–3.9) | (3.8–3.8) | (3.8–3.8) | ||||
| Cholesterol-HDL | 75.0 | 70.1 | 51.6 | 42.6 | 34.8 | 40.9 | 38.6 | 37.5 | <0.001* | 0.037 | 0.006 | 0.930 |
| ≥4 (%) | (72.6–77.4) | (66.9–73.4) | (48.7–54.5) | (41.0–44.2) | (33.9–35.7) | (40.2–41.6) | (38.0–39.1) | (37.1–38.0) | ||||
| Lipid lowering | 17.1 | 27.6 | 36.1 | 41.2 | 59.4 | 66.1 | 70.5 | 72.1 | <0.001 | 0.129 | <0.001 | 0.931 |
| treatment (%) | (15.4–18.9) | (24.4–30.7) | (33.3–38.8) | (39.8–42.7) | (58.6–60.3) | (65.5–66.8) | (70.0–71.0) | (71.7–72.5) | ||||
| ACR | 39.6 | 94.7 | 86.0 | 58.4 | 61.8 | 83.5 | 89.5 | 86.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.018 | 0.308 |
| Process (%) | (37.4–41.9) | (93.1–96.3) | (84.0–88.0) | (56.9–59.8) | (67.4–68.8) | (83.0–84.0) | (89.1–89.8) | (86.2–86.8) | ||||
| Micro- | 30.4 | 27.2 | 21.7 | 20.2 | 16.0 | 15.5 | 13.7 | 14.0 | <0.001 | 0.009 | <0.001 | 0.919 |
| albuminuria (%) | (27.0–33.8) | (24.0–30.4) | (19.1–24.2) | (18.7–21.8) | (15.2–16.8) | (15.0–16.1) | (13.3–14.1) | (13.7–14.4) | ||||
| Macro- | 8.5 | 5.7 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.2 | <0.001 | 0.019 | <0.001 | 0.947 |
| albuminuria (%) | (6.4–10.5) | (4.1–7.4) | (2.9–5.6) | (2.4–3.7) | (2.0–2.7) | (1.6–2.1) | (1.4–1.7) | (1.1–1.3) | ||||
| Foot examined | 63.0 | 99.7 | 99.9 | 47.1 | 74.3 | 87.8 | 90.6 | 85.9 | <0.001 | 0.059 | 0.561 | 0.062 |
| (%) | (60.7–65.2) | (99.4–100.0) | (99.8–100.0) | (45.6–48.6) | (73.5–75.1) | (87.3–88.2) | (90.3–91.0) | (85.6–96.3) | ||||
| Diminished | 19.7 | 21.5 | 14.8 | 13.8 | 14.0 | 11.8 | 9.5 | 14.2 | <0.001* | 0.066 | 0.918 | 0.570 |
| sensibility (%) | (17.4–22.0) | (18.6–24.4) | (12.8–16.8) | (12.3–15.3) | (13.3–14.7) | (11.4–12.3) | (9.2–9.9) | (13.8–14.5) | ||||
| Eye examined (%) | 66.2 | 96.0 | 93.8 | 35.4 | 14.0 | 60.0 | 92.4 | 85.8 | <0.001* | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.280 |
| (64.0–68.4) | (94.6–97.3) | (92.4–95.2) | (34.0–36.8) | (13.4–14.6) | (59.3–60.7) | (92.1–92.7) | (85.4–86.1) | |||||
| DRP (%) | 13.1 | 13.8 | 11.8 | 11.4 | 7.4 | 4.4 | 5.7 | 5.7 | <0.001 | 0.124 | 0.383 | 0.818 |
| (11.2–15.0) | (11.3–16.2) | (9.9–13.7) | (9.8–13.0) | (6.2–8.6) | (4.0–4.8) | (5.4–5.9) | (5.5–6.0) | |||||
| BMI | 46.7 | 98.0 | 96.0 | 83.3 | 80.6 | 94.2 | 94.8 | 95.5 | <0.001 | 0.265 | <0.001 | 0.421 |
| Process (%) | (44.4–49.0) | (97.0–99.0) | (94.9–97.1) | (82.2–84.4) | (79.9–81.3) | (93.8–94.5) | (94.5–95.0) | (95.3–95.7) | ||||
| BMI mean (kg/m2) | 29.5 | 29.8 | 29.9 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 30.1 | 30.2 | <0.001 | 0.6538 | <0.001 | 0.775 |
| (29.1–29.8) | (29.5–30.2) | (29.6–30.2) | (29.9–30.2) | (29.9–30.1) | (29.9–30.1) | (30.1–30.2) | (30.2–30.3) | |||||
| BMI ≤25 kg/m2 | 15.9 | 13.4 | 13.2 | 13.6 | 14.5 | 15.1 | 14.5 | 14.0 | 0.028 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.076 |
| (%) | (13.4–18.4) | (11.0–15.8) | (11.2–15.2) | (12.5–14.7) | (13.8–15.1) | (14.6–15.6) | (14.1–14.9) | (13.6–14.3) | ||||
| BMI 25–30 kg/m2 | 43.1 | 43.2 | 43.2 | 41.9 | 42.1 | 41.2 | 40.7 | 40.4 | <0.001 | 0.055 | <0.001 | 0.898 |
| (%) | (39.8–46.5) | (39.7–46.7) | (40.3–46.1) | (40.3–43.5) | (41.1–43.0) | (40.4–41.9) | (40.1–41.2) | (39.9–40.9) | ||||
| BMI >30 kg/m2 | 41.0 | 43.4 | 43.6 | 44.5 | 43.5 | 43.7 | 44.8 | 45.6 | <0.001 | 0.031 | <0.001 | 0.672 |
| (%) | (37.6–44.3) | (39.9–46.8) | (40.7–46.5) | (42.9–46.1) | (42.5–44.4) | (43.0–44.5) | (44.3–45.4) | (45.2–46.1) | ||||
| Smoking process | 56.6 | 99.7 | 99.7 | 89.9 | 89.8 | 97.7 | 97.8 | 96.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.408 |
| (%) | (54.3–58.9) | (99.4–100.0) | (99.5–100.0) | (89.0–90.8) | (89.3–90.3) | (97.5–97.9) | (97.7–98.0) | (96.1–96.5) | ||||
| smokers (%) | 28.1 | 23.4 | 23.3 | 21.9 | 22.5 | 21.4 | 19.3 | 19.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.691 |
| (25.3–30.9) | (20.5–26.4) | (20.9–25.7) | (20.6–23.2) | (21.8–23.3) | (20.9–22.0) | (18.8–19.7) | (19.4–20.2) |
Data are presented as means, medians or proportions with 95% CIs
# interaction for year and gender
* P value for the quadratic trend was < 0.001 for this variable
Abbreviations: NA: not applicable; DM, diabetes mellitus; OBLD, oral blood glucose-lowering drugs; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; ACR, albumin-creatinine ratio; DRP, diabetic retinopathy; BMI, body mass index.