Table 1.
Characteristics of enrolled children (N = 148)
| Characteristic | n |
|---|---|
| Median (IQR) | |
| Sociodemographic | |
| Median age (years) | 3.1 (1.8–4.1) |
| Male | 81 (54.7%) |
| Site | |
| Kisii | 72 (48.7%) |
| Homa Bay | 67 (45.3%) |
| Migori | 9 (6.1%) |
| Monthly household income < 5,000 Kenyan Shilling | 72 (48.7%) |
| Crowding* | 65 (43.9%) |
| Parent/caregiver married | 126 (85.2%) |
| Clinical history | |
| Household TB† | 14 (10.3%) |
| BCG scar | 148 (100%) |
| Median number of months exclusively breast-fed | 6 (4–6) |
| Currently breast-feeding‡ | 24 (55.8%) |
| Hospitalized in the last year | 15 (10.1%) |
| Malaria§ | 54 (36.5%) |
| HIV-exposed uninfected‖ | 20 (14.2%) |
| HIV-infected¶ | 4 (2.7%) |
| HIV-associated immunosuppression** | 1 (25%) |
| Enrolled in care | 1 (25%) |
| Taking cotrimoxazole | 1 (100%) |
| Taking antiretroviral therapy | 0 (–) |
| Clinical presentation | |
| Any IMCI danger sign | 42 (28.4%) |
| Unable to drink or breast-feed | 16 (10.8%) |
| Excessive vomiting | 30 (20.3%) |
| Convulsions | 6 (4.1%) |
| Lethargy/unconscious | 3 (2.0%) |
| Any pneumonia sign | 25 (17.2%) |
| Chest in-drawing | 0 (–) |
| Stridor in calm child | 0 (–) |
| Fast breathing | 25 (17.2%) |
| Any TB sign | 17 (11.5%) |
| 2 + weeks of night sweats | 8 (5.4%) |
| 2 + weeks of cough | 12 (8.1%) |
| 1 + week of fever | 2 (1.4%) |
| Stunted†† (HAZ < −2) | 24 (17.0%) |
| Wasted‡‡ (WHZ < −2) | 26 (18.6%) |
| Acute malnutrition (MUAC < 12.5 cm) | 7 (4.7%) |
BCG = Bacille Calmette-Guerin; HAZ = height-for-age z-score; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; ICMI = Integrated Management of Childhood Illness; IQR = interquartile range; RDT = rapid diagnostic test; TB = tuberculosis; WHZ = weight-for-height z-score.
≥ 2 people per room living in house.
Member of household diagnosed or treated for TB in last year.
Among 43 children under ≤ 24 months of age.
Diagnosed by malaria RDT or smear microscopy (54/148 positive by RDT; 52/143 positive by microscopy).
Among 141 children who were HIV-uninfected and accompanied by their biological mother.
Three out of four children were diagnosed with HIV as part of this study.
Defined in terms of CD4% (age ≤ 11 months: < 25%, 12–35 months: < 20%, 36+ months: < 15%) or, in absence of CD4% data, in terms of CD4 count (age ≤ 11 months: < 1,500 cells/mm3, 12–35 months: < 750 cells/mm3, 36+ months < 350 cells/ mm3).
HAZ less than −6 and greater than 6 were considered to be implausible values and set to missing.
WHZ less than −6 and greater than 6 were considered to be implausible values and set to missing.