Table 2.
Bivariate relationship between household and child characteristics and exposures with subsequent diarrhea (3–100 days) among children under age of 5 years
| Exposures | Number of monthly observations | No. (%) of monthly visits with this exposure | No. (%) of monthly visits with diarrhea | Prevalence ratio | 95% confidence interval* | P value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With exposure | Without exposure | ||||||
| Drinking water | |||||||
| Previous drinking water sample† | |||||||
| Any Escherichia coli contamination | 12,192 | 7,199 (59) | 741 (10.3) | 420 (8.4) | 1.22 | 1.00, 1.50 | 0.05 |
| Log10 E. coli contamination | 12,192 | – | – | – | 1.15 | 1.05, 1.26 | 0.003 |
| Drinking water source | 12,192 | ||||||
| Shallow tubewell | 9,557 (78) | 1,939 (9.2) | – | – | – | – | |
| Deep tubewell | 1,160 (10) | 231 (12.2) | 1,939 (9.2) | 1.33 | 0.90, 1.98 | 0.15 | |
| Tara pump | 598 (5) | 148 (11.2) | 1,939 (9.2) | 1.22 | 0.67, 2.21 | 0.51 | |
| Other | 877 (7) | 99 (8.6) | 1,939 (9.2) | 0.93 | 0.28, 3.14 | 0.91 | |
| Household characteristics | |||||||
| Mother's education > 0 years | 12,192 | 8,814 (72) | 819 (9.3) | 342 (10.1) | 0.92 | 0.73, 1.15 | 0.45 |
| Each year of mother's education | 12,192 | – | – | – | 0.963 | 0.933, 0.993 | 0.02 |
| Father's education > 0 years | 12,129‡ | 7,899 (65) | 688 (8.7) | 468 (11.1) | 0.79 | 0.59, 1.06 | 0.11 |
| Each year of father's education | 12,129 | – | – | – | 0.979 | 0.950, 1.009 | 0.17 |
| Owned radio | 12,192 | 2,776 (23) | 221 (8.0) | 940 (10.0) | 0.80 | 0.58, 1.11 | 0.17 |
| Owned television | 12,192 | 3,385 (28) | 270 (8.0) | 891 (10.1) | 0.79 | 0.58, 1.07 | 0.13 |
| Owned mobile phone | 12,192 | 2,768 (23) | 233 (8.4) | 928 (9.9) | 0.85 | 0.63, 1.16 | 0.31 |
| Had electricity | 12,192 | 6,207 (51) | 541 (8.7) | 620 (10.4) | 0.84 | 0.62, 1.13 | 0.26 |
| Owned source of drinking water | 12,192 | 3,482 (29) | 309 (8.9) | 852 (9.8) | 0.91 | 0.70, 1.17 | 0.45 |
| Owned toilet | 12,192 | 6,247 (54) | 632 (10.1) | 529 (8.9) | 1.14 | 0.89, 1.46 | 0.31 |
| Used improved latrine | 12,192 | 2,894 (24) | 234 (8.1) | 927 (10.1) | 0.81 | 0.59, 1.12 | 0.21 |
| Wealth index quintile | 12,192 | ||||||
| 1–reference (poorest) | 2,286 (18) | 252 (11.0) | – | – | – | – | |
| 2 | 2,137 (20) | 229 (10.7) | 252 (11.0) | 0.97 | 0.69, 1.37 | 0.87 | |
| 3 | 2,442 (18) | 251 (10.3) | 252 (11.0) | 0.93 | 0.70, 1.24 | 0.63 | |
| 4 | 2,778 (21) | 220 (7.9) | 252 (11.0) | 0.72 | 0.50, 1.02 | 0.07 | |
| 5–richest | 2,549 (23) | 209 (8.2) | 252 (11.0) | 0.74 | 0.55, 1.01 | 0.06 | |
| Wealth index continuous | 12,192 | – | – | – | 0.87 | 0.77, 0.99 | 0.04 |
| Child characteristic | |||||||
| Male child | 12,192 | 6,055 (50) | 580 (9.6) | 581 (9.5) | 1.01 | 0.84, 1.22 | 0.90 |
| Age < 2 years | 12,192 | 4,304 (35) | 504 (11.7) | 657 (8.3) | 1.41 | 1.17, 1.69 | < 0.001 |
| Year 1 surveillance (vs. year 2) | 12,192 | 5,220 (43) | 621 (11.9) | 540 (7.8) | 1.54 | 1.21, 1.95 | < 0.001 |
| Month since initiation of surveillance | 12,192 | – | – | – | 0.968 | 0.950, 0.986 | 0.001 |
| Exclusive breast-feeding last 24 hours (among children age < 2 years) | 3,737 | 319 (9) | 29 (9.1) | 438 (12.8) | 0.71 | 0.46, 1.09 | 0.12 |
*
Accounting for clustering at the village level using a robust sandwich standard error estimator.
†
Collected 3–100 days before child health questionnaire.
‡
Father's education was not reported from three households.