Table 2.
Comparison of Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines in BAL Fluid of C57BL/6 Mice Exposed to Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) and Asbestos (ASB) Particlesa
| control | CNCS (50 µg) |
CNCS (100 µg) |
CNCS (200 µg) |
ASB (50 µg) |
CNCP (50 µg) |
CNCP (100 µg) |
CNCP (200 µg) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-1α | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 10.3 ± 1.4* | 8.8 ± 1.7* | 11.4 ± 2* | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.8* | 8.4 ± 0.5* | 22.2 ± 4.7* |
| IL-1β | 49 ± 2.6 | 93.4 ± 2.4* | 80.3 ± 4.3* | 79.2 ± 3.7* | 60 ± 4.2* | 53.8 ± 4 | 61.1 ± 2.3* | 65.2 ± 7.5* |
| IL-4 | 0.02 ± 0 | 1.2 ± 0.2* | 1.8 ± 0.5* | 1.8 ± 0.1* | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| IL-5 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 13.1 ± 3.3* | 33.6 ± 10.9* | 26.7 ± 4.9* | 26 ± 7* | 9 ± 1.4* | 11.4 ± 1* | 10.6 ± 1.6* |
| IL-6 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 61.6 ± 14* | 74.1 ± 12.1* | 61.9 ± 9.6* | 4.6 ± 0.9* | 9.1 ± 1.2* | 13.3 ± 1.1* | 41 ± 10.2* |
| IL-9 | 31.5 ± 6.7 | 48.2 ± 8.3* | 34.3 ± 11.5 | 26.9 ± 4.2 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| IL-10 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 6.4 ± 0.2* | 4.3 ± 1 | 4.4 ± 0.3* | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 1 |
| IL-12p40 | 126 ± 22.2 | 381 ± 32.3* | 458.1 ± 69.9* | 414 ± 48.6* | 88.4 ± 13.2 | 256.2 ± 45.5* | 411.1 ± 71.2* | 314.1 ± 79.1* |
| IL-12p70 | 14.8 ± 3 | 48.7 ± 3.3* | 33.9 ± 4.9* | 37.2 ± 4.1* | 8.6 ± 1 | 11.6 ± 2.1 | 10.5 ± 1.5 | 17.3 ± 2 |
| IL-13 | 12.6 ± 0.8 | 12.7 ± 0.6 | 11.2 ± 0.7 | 11.4 ± 0.5 | 23 ± 2.5* | 13.2 ± 1.4 | 18.0 ± 1.1* | 23.7 ± 3.3* |
| IL-17A | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 1 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.2 |
| eotaxin | 295.9 ± 21 | 146.1 ± 25.4 | 109.2 ± 50.7 | 101.9 ± 27 | 327.9 ± 34 | 355.3 ± 44 | 259 ± 37.6 | 301 ± 31.5 |
| G-CSF | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 18417.7 ± 3689.8* | 36979 ± 8599.1* | 26718.5 ± 6736.3* | 120.8 ± 39.2* | 391.1 ± 79.4* | 726.6 ± 51.6* | 3235.8 ± 861.7* |
| GM-CSF | 28.4 ± 2 | 108.2 ± 21.3* | 146.7 ± 16.7* | 150.7 ± 26.5* | 44.5 ± 6.4* | 31.5 ± 3.9 | 28.9 ± 2.4 | 71.1 ± 14.9* |
| IFN-γ | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.4* | ND | 4.2 ± 0.3* | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 0.3 |
| KC | 3.3 ± 0.3 | 337.6 ± 54.3* | 650.2 ± 101.7* | 514.7 ± 75.3* | 8.2 ± 1.2* | 20 ± 2.3* | 18.9 ± 3.3* | 22.3 ± 5.7* |
| MCP-1 | 7.8 ± 1.2 | 253.3 ± 42.3* | 397.5 ± 38.8* | 269.8 ± 27.8* | 32 ± 2.8* | 46.5 ± 7.9* | 101.1 ± 12.7* | 290.3 ± 111.8* |
| MIP-1α | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 65.3 ± 6.6* | 69.2 ± 14.8* | 58.1 ± 3.3* | 7.1 ± 1.1* | 17 ± 3.2* | 25.5 ± 1.3* | 41.7 ± 9.3* |
| MIP-1β | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 36.1 ± 2.7* | 33 ± 2.1* | 31 ± 1.7* | 5.3 ± 0.4* | 9 ± 1.6* | 13.9 ± 1.1* | 19.3 ± 4.6* |
| RANTES | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.4* |
| TNF-α | 19.7 ± 1 | 33.9 ± 3.3* | 52.3 ± 6.1* | 57.3 ± 3.9* | 19.7 ± 1.5 | 25.5 ± 1* | 46.2 ± 2.6* | 74.7 ± 15.9* |
a
Mice were exposed to two forms of wood-derived CNC materials: unmodified 10 wt % CNC gel/suspension (CNCS) and a powder form (CNCP) obtained by freeze-dying. These measurements were performed using a Bio-Rad 23-plex mouse assay kit, composed of a combination of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines along with a subset of chemokines. The data are represented as means ± SE and corresponds to µg/mL of BAL fluid.
*
p < 0.05 increase vs control (water treated) mice. “ND” corresponds to levels that were below detection limits of a particular cytokine/chemokine.