Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants.
| Characteristics | Pf(+) | Pf(+)/Bac(+) | Pf(+)/HIV-1(+) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size (n) | 74 | 19 | 8 | |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 29 (39.2) | 12 (63.2) | 5 (62.5) | 0.105a |
| Male | 45 (60.8) | 7 (36.8) | 3 (37.5) | |
| Age, months* | 10.5 (10.0) | 10.0 (12.0) | 7.0 (13.0) | 0.547b |
| Enrollment temperature, °C* | 37.7 (1.6) | 38.0 (1.9) | 38.0 (0.8) | 0.540b |
| Severe malarial anemia (Hb<5.0 g/dL), n (%) | 22 (29.7) | 5 (26.3) | 4 (50.0) | 0.448a |
| Severe malarial anemia (Hb<6.0 g/dL), n (%) | 36 (48.6) | 9 (47.4) | 5 (62.5) | 0.742a |
|
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|
Hematological Measures
| ||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL* | 6.2 (3.3) | 6.0 (3.1) | 5.2 (3.5) | 0.847b |
| Hematocrit, % | 19.1 (9.8) | 19.7 (6.8) | 16.8 (12.2) | 0.921b |
| Red blood cells, ×106/μL* | 2.6 (1.4) | 2.9 (1.8) | 2.5 (1.8) | 0.737b |
| Red cell distribution width, %* | 21.3 (5.1) | 23.9 (5.7) | 21.7 (11.7) | 0.712b |
| Mean corpuscular volume, fL* | 70.7 (11.2) | 69.2 (10.9) | 73.2 (14.8) | 0.394b |
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin, fL/cell* | 22.9 (4.0) | 22.0 (3.5) | 22.3 (5.5) | 0.248b |
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, g/dL* | 32.3 (2.0) | 31.8 (3.5) | 30.3 (2.8) | 0.050b |
| White blood cells, ×109/L* | 11.1 (8.3) | 10.6 (8.5) | 10.4 (11.6) | 0.932b |
| Lymphocytes, ×103/μL* | 5.7 (4.2) | 5.8 (5.0) | 5.8 (7.5) | 0.850b |
| Monocytes, ×103/μL* | 1.2 (1.1) | 0.9 (0.9) | 1.2 (0.8) | 0.421b |
| Granulocytes, ×103/μL* | 4.6 (4.7) | 5.0 (4.4) | 4.0 (3.6) | 0.933b |
| Platelets, ×103/μL* | 0.12 (0.1) | 0.17 (0.2) | 0.12 (0.1) | 0.088b |
| Mean platelet volume, fL* | 8.1 (1.4) | 8.1 (1.4) | 9.3 (1.9) | 0.260b |
| Platelet distribution width, % | 17.6 (1.3) | 18.0 (1.7) | 17.6 (1.1) | 0.752b |
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|
Erythropoietic Parameters
| ||||
| Reticulocyte production index* | 0.83 (1.2) | 0.71 (1.4) | 0.91 (1.7) | 0.691b |
| RPI<2, n (%) | 66 (89.2) | 18 (94.7) | 6 (75.0) | 0.356a |
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|
Parasitological Parameters
| ||||
| Parasite density, MPS/μL* | 10,439 (33,027) | 6,514 (25,525) | 22,174 (37,660) | 0.345b |
| Geometric mean parasitemia, /μL | 9,564 | 5,227 | 15,301 | 0.687c |
| High density parasitemia (≥10,000/μL), n (%) | 38 (51.4) | 7 (36.8) | 6 (75.0) | 0.186a |
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|
Genetic Variants
| ||||
| Sickle cell trait, n (%) | 10 (13.5) | 5 (26.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.176a |
| Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, n (%) | 5 (6.9) | 1 (5.9) | 1 (20.0) | 0.542a |
|
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|
Other Laboratory Parameters
| ||||
| PfHz containing monocytes, n (%) | 36 (48.6) | 8 (42.1) | 3 (37.5) | 0.761a |
| Plasma bicyclo-PGE2,pg/mL | 11.3 (8.8) | 4.9 (2.8) | 4.9 (4.4) | <0.001b |
| Plasma creatinine, mg/mL* | 0.45 (0.56) | 0.62 (0.23) | 0.75 (0.29) | 0.004b |
*
Data presented as median (interquartile range, IQR). Children were stratified into those with malaria [Pf(+)] alone, malaria plus bacteremia [Pf(+)/Bac(+)], and malaria plus HIV-1 [Pf(+)/HIV-1(+)], all with any density parasitemia.
a
Pearson’s χ2 test was used to determine differences in proportions.
b
Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare differences across groups.
c
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare geometric mean parasitemia. MPS – Malaria parasites.