Table 2.
Inflammatory mediator profiles.
| Characteristics | Pf(+) | Pf(+)/Bac(+) | Pf(+)/HIV-1(+) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size (n) | 74 | 19 | 8 | |
| Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), pg/mL | 13.8 (53.7) | 11.8 (20.0) | 56.6 (66.9) | 0.126 |
| Interferon-alpha (IFN-α), pg/mL | 25.3 (43.0) | 77.0 (79.0) | 26.4 (26.0) | 0.009 |
| Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), pg/mL | 11.4 (24.8) | 18.2 (23.7) | 7.9 (21.9) | 0.056 |
| Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, pg/mL | 184.7 (203.7) | 446.5 (502.4) | 495.9 (843.4) | 0.001 |
| Interleukin (IL)-1Ra, pg/mL | 1,794.2 (3,615.5) | 4,399.7 (18,146.0) | 5,183.6 (7,194.9) | 0.045 |
| Interleukin (IL)-4, pg/mL | 5.2 (10.0) | 22.7 (49.7) | 14.5 (15.2) | 0.001 |
| Interleukin (IL)-7, pg/mL | 28.5 (41.2) | 88.6 (89.9) | 25.6 (24.4) | <0.001 |
| Interleukin (IL)-8, pg/mL | 13.9 (17.0) | 22.2 (29.4) | 20.7 (17.3) | 0.002 |
| Interleukin (IL)-10, pg/mL | 233.4 (793.6) | 165.5 (211.2) | 273.7 (805.3) | 0.393 |
| Interleukin (IL)-12p40/70, pg/mL | 335.9 (344.1) | 660.5 (649.6) | 691.8 (509.6) | 0.004 |
| Interleukin (IL)-15, pg/mL | 25.8 (25.3) | 199.1 (222.4) | 47.7 (105.3) | <0.001 |
| Interleukin (IL)-17, pg/mL | 20.4 (3.0) | 39.2 (60.9) | 20.4 (0.7) | 0.004 |
Data presented as median (interquartile range, IQR). Children were stratified into those with malaria [Pf(+)] alone, malaria plus bacteremia [Pf(+)/Bac(+)], and malaria plus HIV-1 [Pf(+)/HIV-1(+)], all with any density parasitemia. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare differences across groups.