Table 2.
Characteristics of cross-sectional studies investigating the association of HDL and apolipoproteins with dementia
| First author, year, name of the study, country | Study population, characteristics, | Exposure, average concentration | Outcome: diagnostic criteria | Main findings | Adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmed 2014, Australia [28] | n = 29 patients with AD (mean age 67 y, male 34%), n = 19 control subjects (mean age 69 y, male 53%). Study year: not reported. | Fasting mean serum HDL-C (mmol/L): AD: 1.8 Controls: 2.0 |
AD: Consensus amongst neurologist, neuropsychologist, and occupational therapist. | No difference in HDL-C concentration (p>0.05) in the AD group compared to the control group. | None. |
| Chang 2014, China [40]1 | n = 44 participants with AD (mean age 80 y), n = 62 control subjects (mean age 80 y). Study year: not reported. | Mean (SD) serum apoA-I (g/L): AD: 1.06 (0.21) Controls: 0.93 (0.20); Mean serum apoE (mg/L): AD: 37.73 (17.44) Controls: 36.69 (10.37) |
AD: Examination by neurological physicians according to ICD-10. | Higher apoA-I concentration (p = 0.006) in the AD group compared to the control group. No difference in apoE concentration in the AD group compared to the control group (p=0.8). | Controls age and sex matched. Gender distribution not specified. |
| Czapski 2012, Poland [29] | n = 68 participants with early onset AD (male 35%), n = 187 patients with late onset AD (male 28%), n = 80 control subjects recruited from the general population (mean age 71 in women, 72 in men, male 28%). Study year: not reported. | Mean (SD) serum HDL-C (mg/dL): Early onset AD: 60.6 (17.9) Late onset AD: 59.4 (16.7) Controls: 66 (17.6) |
Early and late onset AD: NINCDS-ADRDA. |
Lower HDL-C concentration (p<0.01) in the late onset AD group, but not in the early onset AD group (p<0.05) compared with the control group. | None. |
| Dias 2014, Germany [30] | n = 27 participants with AD (mean age 81 y, male 37%), n = 16 participants with AD with cardiovascular comorbidities and risk factors (mean age 79 y, male 44%), n = 33 control subjects without evidence of cognitive impairment and without vascular comorbidities and risk factors (mean age 73 y, male 33%). Study year: not reported. | Fasting plasma HDL-C (concentration not specified) | AD: NINCDS-ADRDA. | Lower HDL-C concentration (p<0.05) in participants with AD with cardiovascular comorbidities and risk factors but not AD without cardiovascular comorbidities and risk factors compared (p>0.05) to control subjects. | None. |
| Ghebranious 2011, the Personalized Medicine Research Project cohort, USA [32] | n = 455 participants (AD n = 153, mean age 78 years, male 40%: controls n = 302, mean age 87 years, male 43%). Study year: not reported. | Mean (SD) HDL-C (mg/dL): AD: 59.5 (16.8) Controls: 62.9 (17.0) |
Late onset AD: NINCDS-ADRA. | No difference in HDL-C concentration (p=0.08) comparing participants with AD to controls. | None. |
| Gupta 2011, AIBL cohort, Australia [33] | n = 199 with AD (mean age 78 years, sex not listed; n = 365 controls (cognitively normal “non-memory complainers”: mean age 70 y). Study year: not reported. |
Fasting mean (SD) plasma HDL-C (mmol/L): AD: 1.68 (0.20) Controls: 1.67 (0.22) Fasting mean (SD) plasma apoE (mg/dL) AD: 14.23 (2.63) Controls: 15.43 (2.66) |
AD: NINCDS-ADRA. | No difference in HDL-C concentration (p=0.6) comparing participants with AD to controls. Lower apoE concentration (p<0.044) in participants with AD compared to controls. |
Age (y), APOE genotype (e4/-; e4/e4). |
| Kandimalla 2013, India [34] | n= 44 participants with AD (mean age 62 y, male: 59%), n = 63 participants with non-Alzheimer dementias (NAD; mean age 57 y, male: 91%; and n = 46 age-matched control individuals (mean age 61 y, male: 70%). Study year: not reported. | Mean (SD) CFS apoE (μg/mL): AD: 22.36 (2.35) NAD: 22.10 (3.49) Controls: 23.22 (2.21). |
AD: NINCDS-ADRDA NAD: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). | No difference in apoE concentration comparing participants with AD or NAD to controls (p>0.005). | None. Bonferroni corrected p-value. |
| Lojkowska 2013, Poland [35] | n = 55 participants with AD (mean age 70 y, male 33 %), n = 30 controls (mean age 70 y, male 33%) | Serum mean (SD) apoE (mg/dL): AD: 5.7 (1.3) Controls: 6.0 (1.6) |
AD: NINCDS-ADRDA, DSM-IV. | No significant difference in apoE concentration (p>0.05) comparing participants with AD to controls. | None. |
| Marksteiner 2014, Austria [36] | n = 33 participants with AD (mean age 81 y, male 36%) and n = 23 controls (age 71 y, male 57%). Study year: not reported. | Plasma, mean (SD) apoA-I (μg/mL): AD: 176 (18) Controls: 103 (17) |
Probable AD: NINCDS-ADRDA. | Higher apoA-I concentration (p<0.001) in participants with AD compared to controls. | None. |
| Martínez-Morillo 2014, Sweden [37] | n = 43 participants with AD (median age 61 y, male: 47%) and n = 43 participants without AD (median age 78 y, male: 36%). Study year: not reported. | Plasma and CSF apoE (concentrations not reported) | AD: DSM-IIIR and NINCDS-ADRDA | No difference in CSF (p = 0.5) and plasma apoE (p = 0.8) concentrations comparing participants with AD to controls. | None. |
| Schürmann 2011, German Study on Aging Cognition and dementia in primary care patients (AgeCoDe), Germany [41] | n = 67 participants with AD (mean age 85 y, male: 30%). Study year not reported. | Mean (SD) plasma apoJ (μg/mL): AD: 158.5 (45.3) Controls: 161.5 (47.6) |
AD: DSM-IV, ICD-10 (SIDAM) and NINCDS-ADRD. Global Deterioration Scale and Blessed Dementia Scale for non-interviewed participants. | No difference in plasma apoJ concentration (p = 0.7) comparing participants with AD to controls. | None. |
| Silajdžić 2012, Sweden [43] | n = 127 participants with AD (mean age 75 y, male 29%) and n = 171 controls (mean age 74 y, male 36%). Study year not reported | Non-fasting mean (SD) plasma apoJ (μg/mL): AD: 33.3 (4.8) Controls: 33.3 (3.9) |
AD: DSM-IIIR and NINCDS-ADRADA | No difference in apoJ (p>0.05) concentrations comparing participants with AD to controls. | None. |
| Warren 2013, Texas Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care Consortium (TARCC) Longitudinal Research Cohort, United States [39] | n = 150 participants with AD (age 80 y, male 30%), n = 197 controls (age 70 y, male 69 %). Study year: not reported. | Mean (SD) HDL-C (mg/dL): AD: 67 (138) Controls: 70.6 (211) |
Probable AD: NINCDS-ADRDA | Lower HDL-C concentration (p=0.020) in participants with AD compared to controls. | None. |
| Xing 2012, China [42] | n = 104 participants with AD (mean age 80 y, male 39%), n = 104 controls (age 79 y, male 44%). Study year 2010–2011) | Mean (SD) plasma apoJ (μg/mL): AD: 167.01 (13.4) Controls: 162.74 (10.03) |
Probable AD: NINCDS-ADRDA | Higher apoJ concentration (p=0.01) in participants with AD compared to controls. | None. |
1
Paper refers to apoA.
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; DSM-IIIR, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition, text revision; MCI, Mild cognitive Impairment; NINCDS-ADRDA, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association.