Table 1. Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics according to GOLD spirometry criteria.
| Characteristics | COPD GOLD |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GOLD 1 (n=177) (%) | GOLD 2 (n=566) (%) | GOLD 3 (n=306) (%) | GOLD 4 (n=65) (%) | Total (n=1,114) (%) | |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 159 (89.8) | 514 (90.8) | 280 (91.5) | 62 (95.4) | 1,015 (91.1) |
| Female | 18 (10.2) | 52 (9.2) | 26 (8.5) | 3 (4.6) | 99 (8.9) |
| Age (yrs)† | |||||
| Age <60 | 15 (8.4) | 70 (12.4) | 48 (15.7) | 16 (24.6) | 149 (13.4) |
| 60≤ Age <70 | 52 (29.4) | 192 (33.9) | 117 (38.2) | 24 (36.9) | 385 (34.6) |
| 70≤ Age <80 | 90 (50.9) | 246 (43.5) | 129 (42.2) | 23 (35.4) | 488 (43.8) |
| Age ≥80 | 20 (11.3) | 58 (10.3) | 12 (3.9) | 2 (3.1) | 92 (8.3) |
| BMI | |||||
| BMI <18.5 | 13 (7.2) | 48 (8.5) | 54 (17.7) | 24 (36.9) | 139 (12.5) |
| 18.5≤ BMI <25 | 119 (67.2) | 393 (69.4) | 207 (67.7) | 36 (55.4) | 755 (67.8) |
| 25≤ BMI <30 | 43 (24.3) | 116 (20.5) | 43 (14.1) | 5 (7.7) | 207 (18.6) |
| BMI ≥ MI | 2 (1.1) | 9 (1.6) | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 13 (1.2) |
| Smoking history | |||||
| Never-smokers | 13 (7.2) | 57 (10.1) | 30 (9.8) | 6 (9.2) | 106 (9.5) |
| Current smokers | 45 (25.4) | 126 (22.3) | 55 (18.0) | 11 (16.9) | 237 (21.3) |
| Former smokers | 119 (67.2) | 383 (67.7) | 221 (72.2) | 48 (73.9) | 771 (69.2) |
| COPD duration (yrs)† | |||||
| mean ± SD | 5.2±4.9 | 5.3±4.6 | 6.6±4.9 | 7.3±5.1 | 5.8±4.8 |
| COPD phenotype† | |||||
| Chronic bronchitis | 58 (32.7) | 163 (28.8) | 73 (23.9) | 6 (9.2) | 300 (26.9) |
| Emphysema | 63 (35.6) | 248 (43.8) | 151 (49.4) | 34 (52.3) | 496 (44.5) |
| Chronic bronchitis & emphysema | 56 (31.6) | 155 (27.4) | 82 (26.8) | 25 (38.5) | 318 (28.6) |
| Pulmonary function test‡ | |||||
| FEV1 (%)† | 83.2±15 | 62.1±12.2 | 41.7±10.9 | 28.4±11.8 | 59.4±20.1 |
| FVC (%)† | 101.3±17.3 | 87.7±17.2 | 72.6±17.6 | 62.8±19.6 | 86.2±20.8 |
| FEV1/FVC (%)† | 59.2±7.6 | 50.7±10.6 | 40.0±9.3 | 32.5±7.5 | 47.6±11.4 |
| COPD assessment test | |||||
| Total score | 13.4±7.3 | 15.2±7.7 | 19.5±8.1 | 25.2±7.4 | 16.7±8.3 |
| Cough | 1.5±1.3 | 1.7±1.3 | 1.9±1.3 | 2.5±1.5 | 1.8±1.3 |
| Phlegm (mucus) | 2±1.3 | 2.1±1.4 | 2.4±1.4 | 2.9±1.5 | 2.2±1.4 |
| Tight chest | 1.2±1.3 | 1.4±1.4 | 2.0±1.6 | 2.3±1.6 | 1.6±1.5 |
| Breathless | 2.8±1.5 | 3.3±1.3 | 4.1±1.0 | 4.7±0.6 | 3.5±1.4 |
| Activity | 1.1±1.3 | 1.5±1.5 | 2.3±1.7 | 3.3±1.6 | 1.8±1.7 |
| Confident | 1.1±1.5 | 1.5±1.6 | 2.4±1.7 | 3.6±1.5 | 1.8±1.7 |
| Sleep | 1.3±1.5 | 1.4±1.5 | 1.7±1.6 | 2.4±1.6 | 1.5±1.4 |
| Energy | 2.3±1.3 | 2.3±1.4 | 2.8±1.5 | 3.5±1.1 | 2.5±1.4 |
| Comorbidity | |||||
| Yes | 147 (83.5) | 426 (75.3) | 237 (77.5) | 46 (70.8) | 856 (76.8) |
| No | 29 (16.5) | 140 (24.7) | 69 (22.5) | 19 (29.2) | 257 (23.1) |
| Types of comorbidity | |||||
| Asthma | 29 (16.5) | 90 (15.9) | 57 (18.6) | 5 (7.7) | 181 (16.3) |
| Pneumonia | 16 (9.1) | 63 (11.1) | 46 (15.0) | 13 (20.0) | 138 (12.4) |
| Hypertension | 16 (9.1) | 62 (11) | 31 (10.1) | 8 (12.3) | 117 (10.5) |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia | 31 (17.6) | 48 (8.5) | 19 (6.2) | 3 (4.6) | 101 (9.1) |
| Diabetes | 11 (6.3) | 24 (4.2) | 12 (3.9) | 3 (4.6) | 50 (4.5) |
| Osteoporosis | 4 (2.3) | 14 (2.5) | 14 (4.6) | 4 (6.2) | 36 (3.2) |
| Coronary artery diseases | 0 (0) | 22 (3.9) | 6 (2.0) | 1 (1.5) | 29 (2.6) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3 (1.7) | 5 (0.9) | 6 (2.0) | 15 (23.1) | 29 (2.6) |
| Tuberculosis | 3 (1.7) | 10 (1.8) | 10 (3.3) | 2 (3.1) | 25 (2.2) |
| Depression | 5 (2.8) | 9 (1.6) | 6 (2.0) | 3 (4.6) | 23 (2.1) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 3 (1.7) | 11 (1.9) | 8 (2.6) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 5 (2.8) | 5 (0.9) | 2 (0.7) | 1 (1.5) | 13 (1.2) |
| Others | 3 (1.7) | 5 (0.9) | 6 (2.0) | 15 (23.1) | 29 (2.6) |
| COPD medication | |||||
| ICS | 3 (1.7) | 11 (1.9) | 11 (3.6) | 0 (0) | 25 (2.2) |
| LAMA | 106 (59.9) | 444 (78.4) | 264 (86.3) | 60 (92.3) | 874 (78.5) |
| LABA | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.2) |
| SABA | 19 (10.7) | 82 (14.5) | 79 (25.8) | 24 (36.9) | 204 (18.3) |
| SAMA | 0 (0) | 7 (1.2) | 3 (1.0) | 4 (6.2) | 14 (1.3) |
| ICS + LABA | 83 (46.9) | 352 (62.2) | 229 (74.8) | 59 (90.8) | 723 (64.9) |
Mean ± SD for COPD duration (yrs), pulmonary function test, COPD assessment test. Chi-square test for smoking history, COPD phenotype. ANOVA for COPD duration (yrs), COPD assessment test. Fisher’s exact test for gender, age (yrs), BMI. †, statistically significantunder the level of significant (5.0%; 2-sided); ‡, pulmonary function test was assessed at the prior year. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; BMI, body mass index; FEV1, forced expiratory volumes in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LAMA, long acting muscarinic antagonist; LABA, long acting beta agonist; SABA, short acting beta 2 agonist; SAMA, short acting muscarinic antagonist.