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. 2016 Jan 7;5:300. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00300

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Copyright © 2016 Daniotti, Lardone and Vilcaes.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Synthesis and immunomodulatory effect of gangliosides. (A) Pathway for ganglioside biosynthesis representing the stepwise addition of monosaccharides to ceramide, and the resulting structures. β4GalT-VI, UDP-Gal:glucosylceramide galactosyltransferase; ST3Gal-V, CMP-NeuAc:lactosylceramide sialyltransferase; ST8Sia-I, CMP-NeuAc:GM3 sialyltransferase, and CMP-NeuAc:GD3 sialyltransferase; β4GalNAcT-I, UDP-GalNAc:lactosylceramide/GM3/GD3/GT3 N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase; β3GalT-IV, UDP-Gal:GA2/GM2/GD2/GT2 galactosyltransferase; ST3Gal-II, CMP-NeuAc:GA1/GM1/GD1b/GT1c sialyltransferase; ST8Sia-V, CMP-NeuAc:GM1b/GD1a/GT1b/GQ1c sialyltransferase, and CMP-NeuAc:GD3 sialyltransferase. Cer, ceramide; Glc, glucose; Gal, galactose; GalNAc, N-acetylgalactosamine; Neu5Ac, N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid). (B) Mechanisms for glycolipid-mediated immune modulation. Tumors shed gangliosides to extracellular milieu, where they are in dynamic equilibrium between monomeric, multimeric, and larger, hetero-complexed forms. From these various states, they have the potential to transfer to different immune cells, modify their membrane composition, and induce modifications that modulate innate and adaptive immunity. The summarized changes can thus favor tumor escape.