Fig. 1.

Determination of the dose of Korean Red Ginseng extract (KRGE) and cyclosporine A (CsA) for the in vitro test. CD4+ T cells from the spleens of normal C57BL/6 mice were cultured with antibodies to CD3 and CD28 with CsA and/or KRGE. After 72 h of culture, the cells were stained with propidium iodide (PI) to detect dead cells using flow cytometry. (A) Representative flow cytometric dot plots showing the side-scattered light (SSC) (cell granularity)/PI gate. The percentage of PI+ cells at the various concentrations of KRGE (B), CsA (C), and the KRGE + CsA combination (D). Note that there were no significant changes in the number of PI+ cells except at 60 ng/mL of CsA. The data are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD) of three independent experiments. The p value was < 0.05 vs. the other treatment conditions.