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. 2016 Jan 7;6:303. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00303

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Copyright © 2016 Weiskirchen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The cytokine signaling wheel in hepatic fibrogenesis. Hepatic inflammation and fibrosis is the consequence of multiple cytokine activities that have multiple biological functions. Representative cytokines involved in disease process are TGF-βs, PDGFs, TNF-α, EGFs, FGF, IGFs, IFNs, NGFs, ILs, VEGFs, and the HGF/c-met axis. The images were prepared with Ribbons vers. 3.0 using the structure coordinates deposited in the RCSB Protein Data Base under accession no. 1KLC (human TGF-β1), 1TNF (human TNF-α), 1JL9 (human EGF-1), 1EVT (human FGF1), 1IMX (human IGF-1), 1AU1 (human IFN-β), 4EAX (mouse NGF), 1IL6 (human IL-6), 1SHY (human β-chain of HGF in complex with the sema domain of the c-met receptor), and 1PDG (human PDGF-BB), respectively. The bars represent each 10 A.