Table 1.
rTMS application on PD with LIDs.
| References | Sample | TMS protocol | Anatomical localization | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Koch et al., 2005 | 8 Dyskinetic PD | Single Session rTMS train at 1 Hz or 5 Hz | SMA | Single Session Low frequency (1 Hz): reduced AIMS after 15 min |
| Single Session High frequency (5 Hz): induced a slight but not significant effect | ||||
| Brusa et al., 2006 | 10 Dyskinetic PD | Single and Prolonged (5 days) sessions rTMS train at 1 Hz | SMA | Single Session Low frequency (1 Hz): reduced AIMS and improved UPDRS scores after 15 min |
| Prolonged Session Low frequency (1 Hz): failed to enhance beneficial effects | ||||
| Wagle-Shukla et al., 2007 | 6 Dyskinetic PD | Prolonged (2 weeks) sessions rTMS train at 1 Hz | M1 | Prolonged Session Low frequency (1 Hz): induced a slight but not significant effect |
| Filipovic et al., 2009 | 10 Dyskinetic PD | Prolonged (4 days) sessions rTMS train at 1 Hz | M1 | Prolonged Session Low frequency (1 Hz): induced a modest beneficial effect |
| Kodama et al., 2011 | Case Report PD with painful off-period dystonia | Single Session rTMS train at 0.9 Hz | M1 | Single Session Low frequency over M1: reduced painful dystonia and walking disturbances |
| SMA | Single Session Low frequency over SMA: induced no significant effects | |||
| Filipović et al., 2013 | Case Report PD with diphasic dyskinesia | Prolonged (4 days) sessions rTMS train at 1 Hz | M1 | Prolonged Session Low frequency (1 Hz): yielded beneficial effects in the upper limb |
| Koch et al., 2009 | 10 Dyskinetic PD | Prolonged (2 weeks) sessions cTBS 3 pulse bursts at 50 Hz | Cerebellum | Prolonged Session High frequency (50 Hz): yielded beneficial effects |
| Cerasa et al., 2015 | 11 Dyskinetic PD | Single Session cTBS 3 pulse bursts at 50 Hz | Right Inferior Frontal Cortex | Single Session High frequency (50 Hz): reduced AIMS after 45 min |
| M1 | Single Session High frequency (50 Hz): failed to enhance beneficial effects |
PD, Parkinson's disease; LIDs, Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesias; SMA, Supplementary Motor Area; M1, Primary motor cortex; rTMS, repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; iTBS, intermittent theta burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; cTBS, continuous theta burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; AIMS, Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale.