Figure 3.

Heuristic illustrating the hypothesized cost-benefit relationships that would result in the pattern observed in this study. A) Male behavior with respect to cycles since resumption; if the benefit to a male of monopolizing a cycle with a higher cycle number is higher than the costs of either maintaining the consortship or engaging in following behavior, then high-ranking males should work harder to obtain those consortships and follower males should invest in following them. Cost functions are increasing because the costs of both male behaviors should increase with cycles since resumption, due to increased presence of followers as cycles since resumption increases. B) Male behavior with respect to swelling size; if the benefit to a male of monopolizing a cycle with a larger swelling size (for a given cycle number) is higher than the cost of engaging in following behavior, but lower than the cost of maintaining the consortship, then high-ranking males should not incur the costs of obtaining those consortships, but follower males should still invest in following them. Cost functions are increasing because the costs associated with both male behaviors should increase due to increased presence of followers as swelling size increases.