Table 4.
Association of in utero ARV exposure with Case Status in Specific Domains, for exposures with p<0.10 in either unadjusted or adjusted analysis
| Domain/ARV Exposure | Percent Exposed | Percent of Cases | Unadjusted Model | Adjusted Model* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Exposed | Unexposed | RR (95% CI) | P-value | RR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
| Language Impairment (N=1482 in unadjusted model, N=1474 in adjusted model) | |||||||
| Stavudine (d4T) | 2.5 | 21.6 | 13.0 | 1.66 (0.89, 3.11) | 0.11 | 1.77 (0.95, 3.28) | 0.071 |
| Lopinavir (LPV) | 38.7 | 15.2 | 12.0 | 1.27 (0.97, 1.64) | 0.077 | 1.27 (0.98, 1.64) | 0.074 |
| ddI + d4T | 0.1 | 50.0 | 13.2 | 3.79 (0.94, 15.27) | 0.060 | 4.84 (1.14, 20.51) | 0.032 |
| Stavudine (1st trimester) | 1.6 | 25.0 | 13.0 | 1.92 (0.95, 3.88) | 0.070 | 2.10 (1.05, 4.19) | 0.036 |
| Metabolic Abnormality (N=1640 in unadjusted model, N=1524 in adjusted model) | |||||||
| HAART | 79.0 | 10.0 | 16.0 | 0.62 (0.46, 0.83) | 0.001 | 0.60 (0.44, 0.82) | 0.001 |
| PIs | 70.2 | 9.9 | 14.3 | 0.69 (0.52, 0.91) | 0.009 | 0.69 (0.52, 0.92) | 0.012 |
| Emtricitabine (FTC) | 16.6 | 6.2 | 12.2 | 0.51 (0.31, 0.83) | 0.006 | 0.62 (0.38, 1.00) | 0.049 |
| Tenofovir (TDF) | 21.6 | 7.3 | 12.3 | 0.60 (0.40, 0.89) | 0.011 | 0.71 (0.48, 1.06) | 0.096 |
| Zidovudine (ZDV) | 79.6 | 12.4 | 6.6 | 1.88 (1.23, 2.89) | 0.004 | 1.69 (1.08, 2.64) | 0.022 |
| Lopinavir (LPV) | 28.5 | 5.8 | 13.4 | 0.43 (0.29, 0.64) | 0.001 | 0.46 (0.31, 0.69) | <0.001 |
| Nelfinavir (NFV) | 29.1 | 13.6 | 10.2 | 1.33 (1.00, 1.77) | 0.047 | 1.22 (0.91, 1.64) | 0.18 |
| Ritonavir (as booster) | 43.0 | 7.5 | 14.0 | 0.54 (0.40, 0.73) | 0.001 | 0.59 (0.43, 0.81) | 0.001 |
| Emtricitabine (1st trimester) | 10.2 | 5.4 | 11.9 | 0.45 (0.24, 0.87) | 0.017 | 0.54 (0.28, 1.03) | 0.063 |
| Tenofovir (1st trimester) | 12.8 | 6.7 | 11.9 | 0.56 (0.33, 0.95) | 0.031 | 0.64 (0.38, 1.08) | 0.096 |
| Zidovudine (1st trimester) | 31.2 | 13.7 | 10.1 | 1.35 (1.02, 1.79) | 0.034 | 1.30 (0.98, 1.73) | 0.071 |
| Lopinavir (1st trimester) | 11.4 | 4.8 | 12.0 | 0.40 (0.21, 0.77) | 0.006 | 0.39 (0.20, 0.78) | 0.008 |
| Ritonavir (1st trimester) | 19.3 | 7.0 | 12.2 | 0.57 (0.37, 0.87) | 0.010 | 0.61 (0.40, 0.95) | 0.029 |
| Impaired Growth (N=2062 in unadjusted model, N=1890 in adjusted model) | |||||||
| NRTIs | 97.0 | 7.3 | 14.8 | 0.49 (0.27, 0.92) | 0.027 | 0.48 (0.24, 0.96) | 0.038 |
| Neurologic (N=2582 in unadjusted model, N=2348 in adjusted model) | |||||||
| NNRTIs | 14.4 | 8.3 | 5.8 | 1.43 (0.98, 2.08) | 0.064 | 1.42 (0.97, 2.10) | 0.073 |
| Efavirenz | 4.7 | 9.8 | 6.0 | 1.63 (0.93, 2.86) | 0.085 | 1.68 (0.95, 3.00) | 0.076 |
| Emtricitabine (FTC) | 25.2 | 4.6 | 6.7 | 0.69 (0.47, 1.01) | 0.056 | 0.90 (0.59, 1.35) | 0.60 |
| Tenofovir (TDF) | 29.2 | 4.9 | 6.7 | 0.73 (0.51, 1.04) | 0.082 | 0.88 (0.60, 1.29) | 0.52 |
| Didanosine (1st trimester) | 2.0 | 13.5 | 6.0 | 2.23 (1.10, 4.51) | 0.026 | 2.06 (0.96, 4.38) | 0.062 |
| Emtricitabine (1st trimester) | 15.6 | 4.2 | 6.6 | 0.64 (0.39, 1.05) | 0.078 | 0.79 (0.46, 1.34) | 0.38 |
| Tenofovir (1st trimester) | 17.9 | 4.3 | 6.6 | 0.66 (0.41, 1.04) | 0.070 | 0.73 (0.44, 1.20) | 0.22 |
| Nelfinavir (1st trimester) | 8.4 | 8.8 | 6.0 | 1.48 (0.93, 2.33) | 0.096 | 1.39 (0.88, 2.19) | 0.16 |
| Ritonavir (1st trimester) | 25.6 | 4.4 | 6.8 | 0.64 (0.43, 0.95) | 0.028 | 0.78 (0.53, 1.17) | 0.23 |
| Neurodevelopmental Impairment (N=1276 in unadjusted model, N=1165 in adjusted model) | |||||||
| HAART | 85.1 | 4.0 | 7.9 | 0.50 (0.28, 0.88) | 0.017 | 0.47 (0.27, 0.83) | 0.010 |
| NNRTIs | 16.2 | 2.4 | 5.0 | 0.49 (0.20, 1.20) | 0.12 | 0.38 (0.14, 1.04) | 0.059 |
| Lamivudine (3TC) | 73.0 | 3.6 | 7.0 | 0.52 (0.31, 0.87) | 0.012 | 0.60 (0.36, 1.02) | 0.058 |
| Didanosine (ddI) | 3.8 | 10.4 | 4.3 | 2.41 (1.01, 5.76) | 0.047 | 2.22 (0.93, 5.31) | 0.073 |
| ddI + d4T | 0.2 | 66.7 | 4.4 | 15.15 (6.54, 35.11) | 0.001 | 12.40 (5.29, 29.08) | 0.001 |
| ZDV + 3TC | 68.4 | 3.8 | 6.2 | 0.61 (0.37, 1.01) | 0.055 | 0.70 (0.41, 1.17) | 0.17 |
| Lamivudine (1st trimester) | 32.6 | 3.1 | 5.2 | 0.60 (0.33, 1.09) | 0.095 | 0.64 (0.35, 1.18) | 0.16 |
| Neurologic or Neurodevelopmental (N=2588 in unadjusted model, N=2349 in adjusted model) | |||||||
| Lamivudine (3TC) | 73.1 | 7.4 | 8.5 | 0.87 (0.65, 1.17) | 0.354 | 0.70 (0.52, 0.96) | 0.025 |
| Didanosine (ddI) | 3.5 | 13.3 | 7.5 | 1.78 (1.03, 3.07) | 0.038 | 1.75 (0.99, 3.08) | 0.054 |
| Didanosine (1st trimester) | 2.0 | 17.3 | 7.5 | 2.31 (1.26, 4.25) | 0.007 | 2.16 (1.14, 4.10) | 0.018 |
| Ritonavir (1st trimester) | 25.6 | 5.9 | 8.3 | 0.71 (0.51, 1.00) | 0.047 | 0.83 (0.59, 1.18) | 0.30 |
| Case in Multiple Domains (at least 2) (N=2601 in unadjusted model, N=2369 in adjusted model) | |||||||
| NNRTIs | 14.3 | 3.5 | 5.5 | 0.64 (0.36, 1.12) | 0.12 | 0.50 (0.27, 0.95) | 0.034 |
| NNRTIs (1st trimester) | 8.6 | 2.7 | 5.4 | 0.50 (0.22, 1.11) | 0.089 | 0.44 (0.18, 1.07) | 0.071 |
*
Adjusted model includes the following covariates for each domain:
Language: low caregiver education and female sex;
Metabolic: pre-gestational diabetes, Latino ethnicity, maternal gonorrhea, and birth cohort (2010+ vs <2010)
Growth: maternal tobacco use during pregnancy, young maternal age (<25 yrs) at delivery, and birth cohort (2010+ vs <2010)
Neurologic: 1st trimester maternal tobacco use, pre-gestational diabetes, toxemia/pre-eclampsia, and birth cohort (2010+ vs <2010)
Neurodevelopment: low household income (<$20K/year)
Neurologic/ND: low caregiver education (< high school) 1st trimester maternal tobacco use, pre-gestational diabetes, toxemia/pre-eclampsia, and birth cohort (2010+ vs <2010)
Multiple Domains: 1st trimester maternal alcohol use, maternal toxemia or pre-eclampsia, and birth cohort (2010+ vs <2010)