Fig. 1.
Malaria transmission model—human dynamics. Susceptible individuals (S) bitten by an infectious mosquito develop either asymptomatic infection (A) or clinical disease (T, TR, D) according to their level of immunity. Individuals treated for clinical disease with artemisinin-sensitive parasites (T) or artemisinin-resistant parasites (TR) clear infection (at different rates) and move to the prophylactically protected compartment (P) before returning to the susceptible compartment. Individuals with partner drug-resistant parasites can recrudesce from either the prophylactically protected compartment (P) or the post-treatment sub-patent infection compartment (U2) to clinical disease or asymptomatic infection. Prophylactically protected individuals can be re-infected, but with a lower probability than those in the fully susceptible state, based on the level of protection from the anti-malarial. Super infection can occur for asymptomatic patent (A) and sub-patent (U) infected individuals