Table 1.
Demographic, Psychosocial, and Tobacco-Related Characteristics (N=1217) of Participating Quit and Win College Students from the Midwest, 2010–2012
| Variable | Total (N=1,217) |
Hookah Users (n=270) |
Non-Hookah Users (n=947) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 26.3 (7.7) | 21.5 (4.1) | 27.6 (7.9) | <0.0001 |
| Female, n (%) | 668 (54.9%) | 111 (41.1%) | 557 (58.8%) | <0.0001 |
| Ethnicity, White, n (%) | 1036 (85.1%) | 229 (84.8%) | 807 (85.2%) | 0.87 |
| Employment, Full time, n (%) | 212 (17.4%) | 21 (7.8%) | 191 (20.2%) | <0.0001 |
| Marital Status, Married/living with partner, n (%) | 404 (33.2%) | 31 (11.5%) | 373 (39.4%) | <0.0001 |
| Type of school, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| 2-year | 393 (32.3%) | 46 (17.0%) | 347 (36.6%) | |
| 4-year | 824 (67.7%) | 224 (83.0%) | 600 (63.4%) | |
| Cigarettes per day, mean (SD) | 11.5 (8.1) | 9.4 (7.7) | 12.1 (8.2) | <0.0001 |
| Days smoked, past 30 days, mean (SD) | 28.5 (3.8) | 28.0 (4.2) | 28.6 (3.6) | 0.03 |
| Quit attempts, past year, mean (SD) | 3.5 (8.1) | 4.6 (9.7) | 3.2 (7.6) | <0.0001 |
| Time to first cigarette, ≤ 30 minutes, n (%) | 598 (49.2%) | 112 (41.5%) | 486 (51.4%) | <0.01 |
| Other tobacco use, past 30 days, n (%) | ||||
| Smokeless | 148 (12.2%) | 54 (20.0%) | 94 (9.9%) | <0.0001 |
| Cigars/Pipes | 241 (19.8%) | 111 (41.1%) | 130 (13.7%) | <0.0001 |
| Smoke menthol cigarettes, n (%) | 375 (30.8%) | 103 (38.1%) | 272 (28.8%) | <0.01 |
| Age of first cigarette, mean (SD) | 15.6 (3.0) | 15.7 (2.4) | 15.6 (3.1) | 0.35 |
| Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale, Craving, mean (SD) | 6.4 (2.2) | 6.2 (2.2) | 6.4 (2.3) | 0.12 |
| Days of drinking, past 30, mean (SD) | 7.9 (7.3) | 9.5 (6.8) | 7.5 (7.3) | <0.0001 |
| Days of binge drinking, past 30, mean (SD) | 3.5 (4.4) | 5.1 (5.0) | 3.1 (4.1) | <0.0001 |
| Perceived Stress Scale, mean (SD) | 5.9 (2.9) | 6.4 (2.8) | 5.7 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Dependence Motives (WISDM), mean (SD) | ||||
| Cue exposure | 5.0 (1.4) | 5.2 (1.4) | 4.9 (1.4) | <0.01 |
| Loss of control | 4.1 (1.6) | 3.9 (1.6) | 4.2 (1.6) | 0.01 |
| Five closest friends smoke, mean (SD) | 2.9 (1.4) | 3.1 (1.3) | 2.9 (1.4) | <0.01 |
| Barratt Impulsivity Scale, mean (SD) | ||||
| Motor Impulsivity | 11.2 (3.1) | 12.3 (3.3) | 10.9 (3.0) | <0.0001 |
| Attention Impulsivity | 11.0 (3.3) | 12.0 (3.4) | 10.7 (3.2) | <0.0001 |
| Non-Planning | 11.3 (3.2) | 12.0 (3.2) | 11.2 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| Total Score | 33.5 (7.1) | 36.2 (7.4) | 32.8 (6.8) | <0.0001 |
Chi-square test was used for categorical variables and t-test was used for continuous variables except for cigarettes per day, which was compared using Wilcoxon rank sum test because of its skewed distribution.