Table 1.
Baseline characteristicsa of non-CKD and CKD participants according to dietary total fiber intake
| Non-CKD (≥l60 ml/min per 1.73 m2)
|
P | CKD (<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2)
|
P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low total fiber (<14.5 g/day; n=6523) | High total fiber (≥l14.6 g/day; n=6915) | Low total fiber (<14.5 g/day; n=623) | High total fiber (≥l14.6 g/day; n=482) | |||
| Total dietary fiber (g/day) | 9.5±3.1 | 24.4±8.9 | 9.5±3.7 | 22.7±7.7 | ||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 43±15 | 44±14 | 0.001 | 69±15 | 70±12 | 0.53 |
| Men (%) | 37 (35–39) | 59 (57–60) | <0.001 | 27 (22–32) | 48 (42–55) | <0.001 |
| African Americans (%) | 14 (12–15) | 8 (7–9) | <0.001 | 10 (7–13) | 4 (2–6) | 0.004 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Myocardial infarction (%) | 2.5 (2.1–3.1) | 3.0 (2.4–3.8) | 0.29 | 15.9 (11.8–21.2) | 14.9 (10.6–20.5) | 0.76 |
| Stroke (%) | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) | 1.5 (1.1–1.9) | 0.61 | 7.7 (5.8–10.3) | 10.8 (7.5–15.3) | 0.15 |
| Congestive heart failure (%) | 1.6 (1.3–2.0) | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 0.75 | 13.5 (10.3–17.4) | 11.1 (7.5–16.2) | 0.43 |
| Malignancy (%) | 3.5 (2.9–4.2) | 3.5 (3.1–4.0) | 0.96 | 12.0 (8.7–16.4) | 9.0 (5.9–13.6) | 0.30 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 6.6 (5.7–7.7) | 6.1 (5.3–7.1) | 0.423 | 21.3 (17.1–26.5) | 19.9 (15.8–24.8) | 0.719 |
| Current smoker (%) | 34 (32–35) | 25 (23–28) | <0.001 | 17 (14–21) | 9 (6–13) | 0.001 |
| Alcohol use (%) | 52 (49–55) | 59 (55–62) | <0.001 | 22 (18–28) | 38 (30–47) | 0.001 |
| Leisure-time physical inactivity (%) | 16 (15–18) | 11 (10–13) | <0.001 | 34 (28–41) | 20 (15–27) | 0.003 |
| Waist circumference of men (inches) | 37.2±4.9 | 37.1±4.4 | 0.77 | 39.5±5.4 | 39.4±4.3 | 0.87 |
| Waist circumference of women (inches) | 34.5±5.5 | 34.3±5.3 | 0.28 | 37.3±5.2 | 37.7±5.4 | 0.48 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 121±16 | 122±15 | 0.002 | 142±23 | 140±22 | 0.26 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 74±9 | 75±9 | <0.001 | 75±13 | 75±12 | 0.94 |
| Laboratory | ||||||
| Serum C-reactive protein >3 mg/l (%) | 28 (25–30) | 22 (20–24) | <0.001 | 48 (42–54) | 40 (34–47) | 0.08 |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 95±17 | 93±16 | 0.004 | 49±10 | 50±10 | 0.22 |
| Serum triglycerides (mg/dl) | 135±92 | 144±108 | 0.005 | 199±146 | 195±123 | 0.68 |
| Serum HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 51±15 | 51±14 | 0.31 | 49±17 | 49±18 | 0.95 |
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.
a
Mean±s.d. or median (25th to 75th percentiles) for continuous variables and proportion (95% confidence interval) for dichotomous variables are presented.