Figure 5.
Combinatory treatment improves spatial learning and memory 120 days after injury. (A): Spatial learning in the Morris water maze. (B, C): Seventh-day probe trial. (B): Percentage of time spent in the platform quadrant. (C): Representative pictures showing path traveled during probe trials. Arrows indicate previous locations of the platform. The images are for sham-operated rats, rats subjected to CCI, CCI followed by intraperitoneal propranolol infusion (10 mg/kg) 1 hour postinjury, CCI followed by intravenous MSCs infusion (107 cells per kilogram) 72 hours postinjury, and CCI followed by the propranolol and MSC treatment. ∗, p < .05; ∗∗, p < .01. For differences in latency to platform, a two-way analysis of variance was used with a day as the repeated measure. For differences in percentage time in quadrant, one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test was used. Abbreviations: CCI, controlled cortical impact injury; MSC, mesenchymal stromal cell; n.s., not significant; Pro, propranolol.