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. 2016 Jan 8;6:1228. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01228

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Copyright © 2016 Teng, Chen and Xiao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The schematic description showing proposed key steps of plant betalain biosynthetic pathway. S, spontaneous reactions; TYR-TOH, tyrosine hydroxylase or monophenolase activity of tyrosinase; TYR-DO, diphenolase activity of tyrosinase; CYP76AD1, a cytochrome P450 enzyme; DODA, 4,5-DOPA-extradiol dioxygenase. Solid arrows show biochemically and molecularly confirmed enzymatic reactions. Dashed arrows show proposed reactions.