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. 2016 Jan 8;6:305. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00305

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Copyright © 2016 Catino, Paciello, Miceli, Rolesi, Troiani, Calabrese, Santangelo and Mancuso.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Ferulic acid neutralizes TMT-induced DNA fragmentation through the modulation of HO activity. Representative immunofluorescence images of SH-SY5Y cells stained with DAPI at low magnification (20×, A–D) and high magnification (40×, a₁–d₂). Control cells (A) showed no morphological signs of DNA fragmentation. TMT (10 μM, B) induced morphological signs of cytotoxicity such as nuclei condensation and nuclear fragmentation (see arrows). This effect was counteracted by FA (10 μM, C) pre-treatment. When HO activity was inhibited by ZnPP (5 μM) in TMT (10 μM) + FA (10 μM) treated cells (D), nuclear fragmentation and condensed nuclei were detected, with no difference compared to TMT treatment (see arrows). Scale bar: (A–D) 20 μm; a₁–d₂: 5 μm. For further information see text.