Table 1.

Summary of intervention studies with patient engagement outcomes.

Paper	Design	Sample	Intervention (e Health tools)	Patient engagement related outcomes
Aberger et al., 2014	One group of patients reporting self-monitored blood pressure	66 post renal transplant patients	A tele-health system that incorporates electronic blood pressure (BP) self-monitoring by the patients, uploading to a patient portal and a Web-based dashboard that enables clinical pharmacist collaborative care in a renal transplant clinic	−75% of patients monitored themselves at least once, and 69% achieved the minimum of six readings and obtained a BP average
Agarwal et al., 2013	One group of questionnaire respondents (model estimated with moderated multiple regression)	283 adult chronic patients	PHRs (health information management tools to store, retrieve, and manage personal health information and stimulate health action)	- significant relationship between satisfaction with health care provider and intentions to use the tool - significant positive interaction between the perceived value of the tool and patient activation in their effects on intentions to use
Meglic et al., 2010	Pilot study comparing two groups of patients receiving treatment as usual (physician visits and antidepressant treatment) and treatment as usual with eHealth intervention	46 patients with depressive disorders	Web-based information and communication technology system, to support collaborative care management and active patient engagement, and online and phone-based care management performed by trained psychologists	- higher medication adherence - reduced depressive symptoms - higher perception of care quality - improved access to care - improved access to information
Quinn et al., 2011	cluster-randomized clinical trial with four groups (control–usual care vs. coach-only vs. coach PCP portal vs. coach PCP portal with decision support)	163 adult diabetes patients	- mobile application coaching - patient/provider web portals	No appreciable differences between groups for patient-reported diabetes distress and depression
Robertson et al., 2006	One group, repeated measures	144 depressed patients	RecoveryRoad that is a eHealth system designed to augment the routine clinical treatment of depression	- high adherence to the system - average depression severity declined from severe to mild - both clinicians and patients were generally satisfied with the programme and reported that it improved clinician-patient relationships
Saberi et al., 2013	Pilot study with qualitative methods	14 HIV-positive young patients	A tele-health medication counseling session	- Qualitative findings: the eHealth tool was effective in improving the quality of patient-provider dialog
Schrader et al., 2014	A pilot study testing the feasibility of the program (one small group of patients)	8 recently hospitalized patients from rural areas	An online-management program for both patients and health care workers, accessible by either Web-enabled mobile phone or Internet, enabling patient-clinician communication	- Qualitative findings: patients' low information technologies literacy, interaction problems related to the illness conditions and technical limitations (for example: drop-out of rural Internet connections) constitute barriers to the technology enhancing patient engagement
Sharry et al., 2013	One group, repeated measures	80 university students with depression symptoms	An online, therapist-supported, CBT-based program for depression	- high level of engagement compared to a previous study - significant decreases in depression symptoms after the intervention
Solomon et al., 2012	Randomized control trial with two groups. (The participants in the Intervention Group had access to MyHealth Online, a patient portal featuring interactive health applications accessible via the Internet. Control group had access to a health education website featuring various topics). Parametric statistical models (t-test, analysis of variance, analysis of covariance) were applied to draw inferences	201 chronic adult patients (diagnosed with asthma, hypertension, or diabetes)	Web-based intervention on the patient activation levels for patients with chronic health conditions, measured as attitudes toward knowledge, skills, and confidence in self-managing health	- improvements (positive and significant effect) in patients' knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy to self-manage their health in the intervention group
Tang et al., 2013	Randomized controlled trial—intervention (INT) vs. usual care (UC)	415 patients with type 2 diabetes	The intervention included: (1) wirelessly uploaded home glucometer readings with graphical feedback; (2) comprehensive patient-specific diabetes summary status report; (3) nutrition and exercise logs; (4) insulin record; (5) online messaging with the patient's health team; (6) nurse care manager and dietitian providing advice and medication management; and (7) personalized text and video educational ‘nuggets’ dispensed electronically by the care team	- the intervention group had significantly better control of their LDL cholesterol at 12 months - the intervention group had significantly lower treatment-distress scores compared with those in the usual group - the intervention group also had greater overall treatment satisfaction and willingness to recommend treatment to others at 12 months. - enhanced active participation in measurement and communication with the health providers
Vest and Miller, 2011	One group (model estimated with ordinary least square regression)	3278 hospitals (patients' self-reports about satisfaction were assessed)	Implemented HIE (information technology for inter-organizational sharing of patient information)	- hospitals' level of HIE not associated with the percentage of patients reporting doctors communicated well. - implemented HIE associated with the percentage of patients who reported nurses always communicated well and who would definitely recommend the hospital.