Table 1.
Characteristics of pregnant women and their HIV exposed but uninfected infants by exposure to antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy.
| Characteristic (Number of children with values) | No ARV* in pregnancy (N=155) | ARV* in the first trimester (N=114) | ARV* in second or third trimester (N=319) | P-value## |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mothers | ||||
| CD4 cell count at first visit, cells/μL (N=415) | 288 (205 to 486) | 371 (333 to 525) | 444 (307 to 597) | 0.0004 |
| Viral load at first visit, copies/mL (N=376) | 7332 (1070 to 30325) | 1608 (0 to 26750) | 6272 (1300 to 24000) | 0.03 |
| Age at delivery, years (N=569) | 27.0 (23 to 32) | 28.5 (25 to 34) | 26.0 (22 to 30) | 0.0007 |
| ARV*s during pregnancy: | 0.0001 | |||
| None | 155 (100%) | |||
| ZDV@ monotherapy | 18 (16%) | 134 (42%) | ||
| Dual therapy | 11 (10%) | 55 (17%) | ||
| NNRTI#-based cART* | 32 (28%) | 37 (12%) | ||
| PI$-based cART* | 53 (46%) | 93 (29%) | ||
| Family income, minimum wages& (N=407) | 2 (1 to 3) | 2 (1 to 3) | 2 (1 to 3) | 0.11 |
| Infants | ||||
| Gender, female | 68 (44%) | 55 (48%) | 152 (48%) | 0.69 |
| Year of birth | ||||
| 1996-2000 | 17 (11%) | 10 (9%) | 29 (9%) | 0.94 |
| 2001-2005 | 98 (63%) | 71 (62%) | 197 (62%) | |
| 2006-2010 | 40 (26%) | 33 (29%) | 93 (29%) | |
| Gestational age at birth, weeks (N=422) | 38 (38 to 39) | 38 (37 to 39) | 39 (38 to 39) | 0.12 |
| Prematurity+ (N=428) | 4 (7.7%) | 13 (13.2%) | 36 (12.9%) | 0.55 |
| Small for gestational age (N=432) | 4 (7.1%) | 14 (14.3%) | 16 (5.8%) | 0.03 |
| Birth weight, kg (N=575) | 2.97 (2.61 to 3.29) | 2.92 (2.6 to 3.3) | 3.04 (2.78 to 3.39) | 0.02 |
| Birth length, cm (N=531) | 48 (46 to 50) | 48 (47 to 50) | 49 (47 to 51) | 0.07 |
| Birth WAZ** (N=575) | −0.65 (−1.47 to 0.10) | −0.78 (−1.59 to −0.02) | −0.53 (−1.13 to 0.24) | 0.04 |
| Birth LAZ*** (N=531) | −0.62 (−1.69 to 0.36) | −0.81 (−0.52 to 0.46) | −0.47 (−1.52 to 0.47) | 0.07 |
| Birth WLZ**** (N=531) | −0.41 (−1.30-0.68) | −0.37 (−1.19-0.31) | −0.38 (−1.28-0.64) | 0.65 |
| Length of follow-up, months (N=588) | 12.6 (7.0 to 17.4) | 12.7 (6.6 to 17.5) | 13.3 (8.2 to 17.3) | 0.36 |
| Number of visits, months | ||||
| 0-6 | 690 (26%) | 500 (19%) | 1423 (54%) | 0.10 |
| 7-12 | 333 (26%) | 247 (19%) | 734 (55%) | |
| 13-18 | 156 (26%) | 156 (19%) | 333 (55%) | |
| 19-24 | 72 (23%) | 58 (18%) | 189 (59%) | |
| Number of children in follow-up, months | ||||
| 0-6 | 155 (100%) | 114 (100%) | 319 (100%) | 0.54 |
| 7-12 | 114 (74% ) | 90 (79%) | 257 (81%) | |
| 13-18 | 88 (57%) | 71 (62%) | 202 (63%) | |
| 19-24 | 52 (34%) | 42 (37%) | 133 (42%) |
Median (interquartile ranges) and percentages are shown.
*
ARV, antiretroviral drugs;
@
ZDV, zidovudine;
#
NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
$
PI, protease inhibitor;
**
WAZ, weight-for-age z-score
***
LAZ, length-for-age z-score
****
WLH, weight for length z-score
##
P values from Kruskal Wallis tests (continuous variables) and Fisher exact tests (categorical variables).
&
1 Brazilian minimum wage = 296 US$ in 2010 (17).
+
Gestational age<37 weeks at birth