Table 2. Diabetes, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)a and risk of pancreatic cancer, expressed as OR with 95% CI.
| Cases | Controls | Basic modelb OR (95% CI) | Full modelc OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Diabetes | ||||
| No | 354 | 4144 | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 175 | 856 | 2.36 (1.94, 2.89) | 2.16 (1.72, 2.72) |
|
Among/within diabetes patients | ||||
| Time from diabetes diagnosis date to index date | ||||
| <1 year | 66 | 170 | 3.43 (2.06, 5.72) | 5.30 (2.83, 9.93) |
| 1–2 years | 36 | 137 | 2.28 (1.31, 4.00) | 3.30 (1.72, 6.33) |
| 2–5 years | 48 | 345 | 1.20 (0.71, 2.01) | 1.45 (0.82, 2.55) |
| >5 years | 25 | 204 | Reference | Reference |
| HbA1c at diagnosis of diabetesd | ||||
| Normal (<42 mmol mol−1, or< 6.0%) | 14 | 78 | Reference | Reference |
| High (42–47 mmol mol−1, or 6.0–6.5%) | 6 | 49 | 0.56 (0.20, 1.57) | 0.57 (0.19, 1.70) |
| Very high (>47 mmol mol−1, >6.5%) | 63 | 280 | 1.18 (0.62, 2.26) | 1.02 (0.51, 2.03) |
| HbA1c at index datee | ||||
| Normal (<42 mmol mol−1, or < 6.0%) | 15 | 75 | Reference | Reference |
| High (42–47 mmol mol−1, or 6.0–6.5%) | 6 | 56 | 0.57 (0.20, 1.57) | 0.51 (0.17, 1.54) |
| Very high (>47 mmol mol−1, or >6.5%) | 69 | 193 | 1.97 (1.05, 3.71) | 1.85 (0.91, 3.73) |
| Difference between the two HbA1c measurementsf | ||||
| <0 mmol mol−1 | 17 | 104 | Reference | Reference |
| 0–4 mmol mol−1 | 27 | 61 | 2.55 (1.24, 5.24) | 3.22 (1.39, 7.45) |
| ⩾4 mmol mol−1 | 8 | 14 | 3.90 (1.36, 11.19) | 5.06 (1.52, 16.87) |
Abbreviations: BMI=body mass index; CI=confidence interval; GP=general practitioner; OR=odds ratio.
HbA1c was reported IFCC-recommended units (as mmol mol−1) or DCCT-derived units (as %).
Adjusted for age and sex.
Adjusted for age, sex, BMI (<20, 20–24.99, 25–29.99 or ⩾30), smoking (non-smoker, current smoker, former smoker, or unknown), alcohol drinking (non-user, 1–9 units per week, 10–20 units per week, 21–41 units per week, ⩾42 units per week or unknown), Townsend deprivation index (five categories from least to most deprived, or unknown), calendar year, GP visit 1 year before index date).
HbA1c measured within 12 weeks after diagnosis of diabetes, fully adjusted model includes time since diagnosis of diabetes.
HbA1c measured within 12 weeks before diagnosis of pancreatic cancer or before index date, fully adjusted model includes time since diagnosis of diabetes.
Fully adjusted model includes time since diagnosis of diabetes.