Table 3. Anti-diabetic medications and risk of pancreatic cancer, expressed as OR with 95% CI.

	Cases	Controls	Basic modela	Full modelb
	n	n	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Metformin
Non-diabetes, no use of metformin	354	4144	Reference	Reference
*Diabetes, no use of metformin	67	412	1.88 (1.42, 2.50)	1.72 (1.27, 2.33)
Diabetes, use of metformin	108	444	2.82 (2.22, 3.59)	2.63 (1.99, 3.46)
Non-use	421	4556	Reference	Reference
Current use (0–90)	88	383	2.43 (1.88, 3.14)	1.44 (1.01, 2.06)
Recent and past use (90+)	20	61	3.49 (2.09, 5.86)	2.05 (1.15, 3.65)
Current usec
<1 Year	43	137	Reference	Reference
1–3 Years	28	139	0.86 (0.49, 1.53)	0.85 (0.45, 1.59)
⩾3 Years	17	107	1.06 (0.49, 2.29)	0.98 (0.43, 2.26)
Sulphonylureas
Non-diabetes, no use of sulphonylureas	352	4140	Reference	Reference
Diabetes, no use of sulphonylureas	84	575	1.69 (1.31, 2.19)	1.56 (1.18, 2.07)
Diabetes, use of sulphonylureas	91	281	3.76 (2.89, 4.89)	3.39 (2.54, 4.54)
Non-use	436	4715	Reference	Reference
Current use (0–90)	76	228	3.53 (2.67, 4.67)	2.30 (1.62, 3.26)
Recent and past use (90+)	17	57	3.15 (1.81, 5.47)	2.03 (1.12, 3.68)
Current usec
<1 year	44	79	Reference	Reference
1–3 years	20	77	0.61 (0.31, 1.19)	0.57 (0.26, 1.25)
⩾3 years	10	71	0.42 (0.17, 1.04)	0.42 (0.14, 1.21)
Glitazones
Non-diabetes, no use of glitazones	354	4144	Reference	Reference
Diabetes, no use of glitazones	143	760	2.18 (1.76, 2.69)	1.99 (1.57, 2.54)
Diabetes, use of glitazones	32	96	3.88 (2.56, 5.90)	3.63 (2.33, 5.68)
Non-use	497	4904	Reference	Reference
Current use (0–90)	24	70	3.30 (2.05, 5.30)	1.88 (1.13, 3.14)
Recent and past use (90+)	8	26	2.95 (1.33,6.55)	1.66 (0.73, 3.78)
Current usec
<1 year	16	37	Reference	Reference
⩾1 years	8	33	1.06 (0.33, 3.49)	7.09 (0.37, 136.96)
Insulin
Non-diabetes, no use of insulin	354	4143	Reference	Reference
Diabetes, no use of insulin	144	825	2.02 (1.63, 2.50)	1.85 (1.45, 2.36)
Diabetes, use of insulin	31	31	11.59 (6.95, 19.34)	10.15 (5.95, 17.32)
Non-use	498	4968	Reference	Reference
Current use (0–90)	29	31	9.08 (5.42, 15.21)	5.13 (2.97, 8.86)
Recent and past use (90+)	2	1	19.31 (1.74, 214.00)	11.12 (0.95, 130.06)
Current usec
<1 year	19	11	Reference	Reference
⩾1 years	10	20	0.50 (0.12, 2.10)	0.71 (0.02, 33.60)

Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; GP=general practitioner; OR=odds ratio.

^aAdjusted for age and sex.

^bAdjusted for age, sex, body mass index (<20, 20–24.99, 25–29.99, or ⩾30), smoking (non-smoker, current smoker, former smoker or unknown), alcohol drinking (non-user, 1–9, 10–20, 21–41, ⩾42 units per week or unknown), Townsend deprivation index (five categories from least to most deprived, or unknown), calendar year, GP visit 1 year before index date) and diabetes (when appropriate for anti-diabetics).

^cAnalysis within diabetes, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol drinking, Townsend deprivation index, calendar year, GP visit 1 year before index date and time since diagnosis of diabetes.