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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Thromb Res. 2015 Nov 7;137:169–173. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.11.003

Figure 1. Inhibition of PDI Activity by Red but not White Wine.

Figure 1

(A) The red wines Merlot, Cabernet and Pinot Noir and the white wines Pinot Grigio and Chardonnay were added at a final volume of 3.3% before PDI activity was assessed by the insulin turbidity assay. (B) The PDI-catalyzed reduction of insulin was run for 20 minutes and normalized to a percentage of the control. The 20 minute timepoint is displayed for each of the 5 wines examined over a range of concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 3.3%. (C) Merlot, Cabernet, and Chardonnay were added at a final concentration of 4% and the rate of tryptophan fluorescence change was observed in a disulfide bond containing peptide.