Table 5. Effect modification of the PM2.5-CAD index (>23) association by select covariates.
| Subjects (%) | Odds ratio | 95% CI | LRT p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| <65 | 3066 (60.5) | 1.06 | 0.97, 1.16 | |
| ≥65 | 2003 (39.5) | 1.20 | 1.08, 1.32 | 0.08 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 3145 (62.0) | 1.12 | 1.03, 1.21 | |
| Female | 1924 (38.0) | 1.10 | 0.98, 1.23 | 0.77 |
| Racea | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 3703 (73.1) | 1.19 | 1.10, 1.28 | |
| African American | 1071 (21.1) | 0.87 | 0.75, 1.00 | |
| Other | 295 (5.8) | 1.10 | 0.76, 1.59 | 0.001 |
| History of smoking | ||||
| Yes | 2475 (48.8) | 1.16 | 1.06, 1.27 | |
| No | 2594 (51.2) | 1.07 | 0.97, 1.17 | 0.21 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| <18.5 (Underweight) | 68 (1.4) | 1.66 | 0.89, 3.13 | |
| <25 (Under/ normal weight) | 1030 (20.4) | 1.09 | 0.94, 1.26 | |
| 25.0-29.9 (Overweight) | 1802 (35.7) | 1.18 | 1.06, 1.32 | |
| ≥30.0 (Obese) | 2144 (42.5) | 1.05 | 0.95, 1.16 | 0.21 |
| History of diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 1523 (30.0) | 1.06 | 0.94, 1.19 | |
| No | 3546 (70.0) | 1.14 | 1.05, 1.24 | 0.28 |
| History of hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 3575 (70.5) | 1.08 | 1.00, 1.17 | |
| No | 1494 (29.5) | 1.26 | 1.11, 1.45 | 0.04 |
| Urban/ rural statusb | ||||
| Urban | 2743 (54.1) | 1.13 | 1.03, 1.23 | |
| Rural | 2326 (45.9) | 1.11 | 1.00, 1.22 | 0.79 |
| Educational attainmentc | ||||
| Low | 2057 (40.6) | 1.10 | 0.98, 1.23 | |
| High | 3012 (59.4) | 1.11 | 1.02, 1.20 | 0.86 |
a
Other race/ethnicity includes Native American, Hispanic, Asian, and unknown.
b
Urban status was defined as living in a block group that was ≥50% urban.
c
Low educational attainment includes those who live in block groups where ≥25% of males and females have less than a high school education.